Mohamed Abdallah, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom Geza Benke, Monash University, Australia Mark F. Cesta, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA Melissa Friesen, National Cancer Institute, USA Dori Germolec, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA Keith Houck, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA Gaku Ichihara, Tokyo University of Science, Japan Charles William Jameson, CWJ Consulting, LLC, USA Jun Kanno, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan Hans Kromhout, Utrecht University, The Netherlands M. Matilde Marques, University of Lisbon Igor Pogribny, National Center for Toxicological Research, USA Consolato Maria Sergi, University of Alberta, Canada Camilla Svendsen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway

IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; dry cleaning, some chlorinated solvents and other industrial chemicals.

Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation

This summary of public comments on the draft Preamble to the IARC Monographs will be considered by the Advisory Group that will meet in December 2005 to review the amended Preamble. The summary is organized according to the sections of the Preamble in order to show which areas received comment and whether the views were similar or different. Similar comments are reported together and a single short statement represents the key point. To keep the summary concise, the commenters’ detailed rationales are not repeated here, instead, the individual or organization making each comment is identified and the reader is encouraged to view the full original comment. Three commenters (Drs. Huff, Melnick, and Tomatis) also suggested several specific editorial changes. Where not related to a more global issue, these editorial changes are not repeated here, and the Advisory Group will refer to the original comments as it considers the suggested editorial changes.

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. CAS# 7439-92-1

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/37676/cdc_37676_DS1.pdf

Toxicological Profile for Lead

Muscle injuries are one of the most common traumas occurring in sports. Despite their clinical importance, few clinical studies exist on the treatment of these traumas. Thus, the current treatment principles of muscle injuries have either been derived from experimental studies or been tested only empirically. Although nonoperative treatment results in good functional outcomes in the majority of athletes with muscle injuries, the consequences of failed treatment can be very dramatic, possibly postponing an athlete's return to sports for weeks or even months. Moreover, the recognition of some basic principles of skeletal muscle regeneration and healing processes can considerably help in both avoiding the imminent dangers and accelerating the return to competition. Accordingly, in this review, the authors have summarized the prevailing understanding on the biology of muscle regeneration. Furthermore, they have reviewed the existing data on the different treatment modalities (such as medication, therapeutic ultrasound, physical therapy) thought to influence the healing of injured skeletal muscle. In the end, they extend these findings to clinical practice in an attempt to propose an evidence-based approach for the diagnosis and optimal treatment of skeletal muscle injuries.

Muscle Injuries: Biology and Treatment

The lead concentration in the skeleton of living man was measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Five former workers from a metal industry were studied. The mean lead concentration in their skeletons was estimated to be 62 mug/g with a standard error of +/- 5 mug/g. A comparison with the "normal" skeletal concentrations of lead in people from southern Sweden showed the skeletal concentrations of the men studied to be about three to nine times higher.

X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in human skeleton in vivo

Two gels have been found to be suitable to load with ferrous sulphate solution. In these soft tissue equivalent phantoms, the absorbed dose distribution can be measured after irradiation in clinically used MR imaging equipment. The present studies were carried out using a 0.25 T NMR analyser without imaging properties. A ferrous sulphate solution, 0.05 M with respect to sulphuric acid, can be gelled with 4% gelatin to give a dosemeter which has a response which is linearly correlated (r = 0.998) with the absorbed dose in the interval 0-40 Gy. Ferrous sulphate solution can also be gelled with 1% agarose, but this gel has to be purged with oxygen to obtain a linear relationship (r = 0.997) in the same absorbed dose interval. The ferrous sulphate loaded gels have a sensitivity which is a factor of 2.2 or 4.0 times higher for gelatin and agarose, respectively, than the ordinary dosemeter solution. Because the standard deviation of background measurements is higher for the gels than for the dosemeter solution, the minimum detectable absorbed dose is about the same, or 1.0 Gy, for the two gels and the dosemeter solution. The sensitivity of the ferrous sulphate loaded gels shows no dependence on dose rate if the mean dose rate and the absorbed dose per pulse are within the limits normally used by accelerators for radiotherapy.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/34/1/004/pdf

Ferrous sulphate gels for determination of absorbed dose distributions using MRI technique: basic studies

In 14 retired lead workers, followed for over 18 years after end of exposure, repeated analyses of lead levels in finger bone by an in vivo X-ray fluorescence method revealed a decrease of lead concentration. The data were analysed using an exponential retention model. For the whole group the biological half-time was 16 (asymptotic 95% confidence interval, CI 12,23) years. The median of the estimated bone lead levels at the end of exposure was 85 micrograms.g-1 above the "background" (3 micrograms.g-1). A simultaneous follow-up of blood lead levels displayed a decrease, which could be described by a tri-exponential retention model with group half-times of 34 (CI 29,41) days, 1.2 (CI 0.9,1.8) years, and 13 (CI 10,18) years, respectively. The median of the estimated blood lead levels at the end of exposure for the three components were 0.49, 0.61, and 1.1 mumol.l-1 above the "background" (0.38-0.56 mumol.l-1), respectively. The well-documented decrease of lead exposure in the general population over the years, urged the use of a decreasing "background" of blood lead during the time of the study. The slowest of the three components represented the skeleton (probably mainly cortical bone), as did mainly probably also the intermediate one (trabecular bone). The data show the rather slow turnover of lead in the skeleton, the usefulnes of in vivo skeletal lead measurements as a long-term exposure index, and the importance of bone as a source of "endogenous" lead exposure.

Kinetics of lead in bone and blood after end of occupational exposure.

In 75 active lead workers the median lead level in finger-bone (bone-Pb), as determined in vivo by an X-ray fluorescence method, was 43 micrograms/g (range less than 20-122). In 32 retired workers the median level was even higher, 59 micrograms/g (range less than 20-135), which indicates a slow turnover rate of lead in finger-bone. This was confirmed in 18 of the "active" workers, in whom bone-Pb was studied in connection with an exposure-free period. In spite of a significant decrease in blood-lead levels (B-Pb), no systematic change of bone-Pb occurred. There was an increase of bone-Pb with time of employment, but with a large interindividual variation. No association was found between bone-Pb and present B-Pb in the active lead workers. However, in the retired ones, B-Pb rose with increasing bone-Pb. The bone-lead pool thus causes an "internal" lead exposure.

Lead in finger-bone analysed in vivo in active and retired lead workers.

Local blood flow was measured with 133Xe clearance technique in eight male distance runners, where one leg was cooled for 20 min by applying two "instant cold packs" on the quadriceps muscle. An initial cooling period after resting was followed by a second cooling period 10 min after running. Skin temperature was maximally reduced after 4.5 min of cooling, both at rest and after running, by 15 degrees C and 14.9 degrees C, respectively. During the first 5 min of cooling no reduction of blood flow was seen. After 10 min of cooling blood flow was significantly reduced in the cooled compared to the control leg by 49% (P less than 0.05) after resting and 34% (P less than 0.05) after running. A maximum reduction of blood flow by 66 and 69% (P less than 0.01), respectively, was seen 10 min after the cooling period. In the event of an acute injury, this delayed reaction of cryotherapy on intramuscular blood flow should be carefully considered.

The effect of local cold application on intramuscular blood flow at rest and after running.

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