Abstract Environmental transmission of Chlamydia abortus as a result of enzootic disease or disease outbreaks and the threats posed by this pathogen has been previously reported, however a state-of-the-science review of these reports and the identification of future research priorities in this area is still lacking. This study provides an overview of the current knowledge of host–pathogen–environment interactions, addressing public health risks and identifying critical questions and research gaps. We performed a systematic PubMed and Web of Science search for publications related to Chlamydia abortus in the past four decades, and we reviewed and combined the evidence critically discussing and commenting the results. A total of 182 studies, 5 chapters of specific books and the “OIE terrestrial manual” were included in this review. There were substantial variations between the studies in topic addressed and experimental design. Overall, the literature largely supports the crucial role played by environmental exposure on the acquisition of zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia abortus . We also identify the paucity of information related to interspecies transmission and pathogen adaptation in relation to environmental dissemination and zoonotic risk. This analysis further highlights the need for additional research given that environmental transmission represents a serious risk not only to susceptible patients (pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals), but also for other species including wildlife. 

/pdf/recent-advances-and-public-health-implications-for-3fzz537g.pdf

Recent advances and public health implications for environmental exposure to Chlamydia abortus: from enzootic to zoonotic disease

Abortion is considered an important disease problem of small ruminants in Borana pastoral area. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of chlamydiosis, coxiellosis (Q-fever) and brucellosis in small ruminants in selected districts of Borana zone. A total of 506 sheep and goats were tested using serological tests. Fifty (9.88%; 95% CI: 7.42, 12.82), 144 (28.46%; 95% CI: 24.56, 32.61) and none (0.00%; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.59) of them were positive for chlamydiosis, coxiellosis and brucellosis, respectively. History of abortion was recorded in 136 (32.00%; CI: 27.59, 36.67) of sheep and goats in the study area. The logistic regression analysis, however, showed that statistically significant difference ccurred among districts and between the species of small ruminants. The prevalence odd of antibodies against C. abortus was significantly lower in Miyo, Dire and Teltelle districts compared to Dillo. The odd of infection with this bacterium was lower in sheep than goats. Similarly the odd of infection with C. burnettii was significantly higher in Dillo district than the rest of the districts studied, higher in goats than sheep and higher in adult animals than young ones. High prevalence of abortion is observed in sheep and goats in the study area. High seropositivity of C. burnetii and C. abortus in both sheep and goats tested implies risks of human infection by both diseases. Thus, attention needs to be paid to further study of both diseases in animals and humans in the area.

/pdf/seroprevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-for-chlamydiosis-a4g7d4almo.pdf

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for chlamydiosis, coxiellosis and brucellosis in sheep and goats in Borana pastoral area, southern Ethiopia.

The serological prevalence of Chlamydophila abortus was determined in 399 sheep and 171 goats in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia, using the CHEKIT enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from 30 (7.52%) sheep and 59 (34.50%) goats were positive for anti-C. abortus antibodies. Higher serological prevalence and antibody concentration (percent optical density) was recorded in goats as compared to sheep. In both species, the prevalence of chlamydophilosis was markedly higher in female than male animals. Statistical analysis showed highly significant species and sex effects on prevalence. Further studies should be undertaken to assess the role of chlamydophilosis in ovine and caprine abortion in Saudi Arabia, its economic impact and the need for implementing effective control strategies such as vaccination.   

	 

	Key words: Chlamydophila abortus, ELISA, enzootic ovine abortion, caprine abortion, Riyadh and Saudi Arabia.

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380726087_Aljumaah and Hussein.pdf

Serological prevalence of ovine and caprine chlamydophilosis in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia

The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalance of Chlamydophila abortus in aborting ewes and cattle in the Kars province in the north-eastern part of Turkey. Thirty sheep flocks and 26 herds of dairy cattle out of 4 districts in the province were examined by ELISA. For this purpose, abortion cases of 236 sheep and 192 cows of different breeds and age were investigated serologically during lambing and calving season. Subsequently, the rate of abortion in ewes and cows were 10.25% (236/2302) and 28.23% (192/680), respectively. Antibodies against C. abortus were found in 46.66% (14/30) of sheep flocks and 26.92% (7/26) cattle herds examined. In the study, 13.98% (33/236) of aborted sheep and 8.33% (16/192) of cattle were positive for antibodies specific to C. abortus. Seroprevalence of C. abortus in sheep and cattle ranged from 5.40 to 18.29% and 4.76 to 12.67%, respectively. In conclusion, C. abortus causes abortion in both sheep and dairy cattle in the north-eastern part of Turkey. It is recommended that seropositive animals should be eliminated from flocks and herds. An appropriate vaccine against C. abortus should also be applied for ewes and cows to reduce the incidences of abortion.

Seroprevalance of chlamydophila abortus in aborting ewes and dairy cattle in the north-east part of turkey

Chlamydophila abortus (Ch. abortus) is the etiological agent of ovine enzootic abortion (OEA) and one of the most common infectious agents of abortion in small ruminants worldwide. RFLP-PCR analysis of the outer membrane protein gene (OMP2 gene) was used for diagnosis and characterization of chlamydial causes of abortion in small ruminants in Jordan. Sixty-six placental tissues and 15 vaginal swabs were collected from aborted ewes and does to identify cause of abortion in Jordan. Thirty-eight placental samples (58 %) and 13 vaginal swabs (87 %) were positive for chlamydial DNA. Shedding of bacteria in vaginal swabs was detected within 7 days after abortion. The results of this study showed that chlamydiosis is one of the important causes of abortion in small ruminants in Jordan. In addition, vaginal swab is an excellent sample for molecular diagnosis of chlamydiosis. DNA sequencing and RFLP analysis of the OMP2 reveal that all chlamydial cause of abortion in small ruminants in Jordan are due to Ch. abortus. While, Ch. pecorum was not detected in any sample. OMP2 gene of the isolated Jordanian strain was identical (100 %) to Ch. abortus FAS strain. In conclusion, Ch. abortus is an important cause of abortion in Jordan; vaginal swab within 7 days of abortion can be used for molecular diagnosis of chlamydiosis in small ruminants.

/pdf/molecular-identification-of-chlamydial-cause-of-abortion-in-3t6wpefpmf.pdf

Molecular identification of chlamydial cause of abortion in small ruminants in Jordan

/pdf/seroprevalence-of-antibodies-to-chlamydophila-abortus-shown-3vyhccj3wj.pdf

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus shown in Awassi sheep and local goats in Jordan

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Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila abortus shown in Awassi sheep and local goats in Jordan