OBJECTIVES Minimally invasive fat sculpting techniques are becoming more widespread with the development of office-based devices and therapies. Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) is a needle-based technology that uses direct current (DC) to electrolyze tissue water creating acid and base in situ. In turn, fat is saponified and adipocyte cell membrane lysis occurs. The electrolysis of water can be accomplished using a simple open-loop circuit (V-ECLL) or by incorporating a feedback control circuit using a potentiostat (P-ECLL). A potentiostat utilizes an operational amplifier with negative feedback to allow users to precisely control voltage at specific electrodes. To date, the variation between the two approaches has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess current and charge transfer variation and lipolytic effect created by the two approaches in an in vivo porcine model. METHODS Charge transfer measurements from ex vivo V-ECLL and P-ECLL treated porcine skin and fat were recorded at -1 V P-ECLL, -2 V P-ECLL, -3 V P-ECLL, and -5 V V-ECLL each for 5 min to guide dosimetry parameters for in vivo studies. In follow-up in vivo studies, a sedated female Yorkshire pig was treated with both V-ECLL and P-ECLL across the dorsal surface over a range of dosimetry parameters, including -1.5 V P-ECLL, -2.5 V P-ECLL, -3.5 V P-ECLL, and 5 V V-ECLL each treated for 5 min. Serial biopsies were performed at baseline before treatment, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment. Tissue was examined using fluorescence microscopy and histology to compare the effects of the two ECLL approaches. RESULTS Both V-ECLL and P-ECLL treatments induced in-vivo fat necrosis evident by adipocyte membrane lysis, adipocyte denuclearization, and an acute inflammatory response across a 28-day longitudinal study. However, -1.5 V P-ECLL produced a smaller spatial necrotic effect compared to 5 V V-ECLL. In addition, 5 V V-ECLL produced a comparable necrotic effect to that of -2.5 V and -3.5 V P-ECLL. CONCLUSIONS V-ECLL and P-ECLL at the aforementioned dosimetry parameters both achieved fat necrosis by adipocyte membrane lysis and denuclearization. The -2.5 V and -3.5 V P-ECLL treatments created spatially similar fat necrotic effects when compared to the 5 V V-ECLL treatment. Quantitatively, total charge transfer between dosimetry parameters suggests that -2.5 V P-ECLL and 5 V V-ECLL produce comparable electrochemical reactions. Such findings suggest that a low-voltage closed-loop potentiostat-based system is capable of inducing fat necrosis to a similar extent compared to that of a higher voltage direct current system.

Exploring feedback-controlled versus open-circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study.

Purpose Corneal chemical injuries (CCI) obscure vision by opacifying the cornea; however, current treatments may not fully restore clarity. Here, we investigated potential-driven electrochemical treatment (P-ECT) to restore clarity after alkaline-based CCI in ex vivo rabbit corneas and examined collagen fiber orientation changes using second harmonic generation (SHG). Methods NaOH was applied to the corneas of intact New Zealand white rabbit globes. P-ECT was performed on the opacified cornea while optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging (∼35 frames per second) was simultaneously performed. SHG imaging evaluated collagen fiber structure before NaOH application and after P-ECT. Irrigation with water served as a control. Results P-ECT restored local optical clarity after NaOH exposure. OCT imaging shows both progression of NaOH injury and the restoration of clarity in real time. Analysis of SHG z-stack images show that collagen fibril orientation is similar between control, NaOH-damaged, and post-P-ECT corneas. NaOH-injured corneas flushed with water (15 minutes) show no restoration of clarity. Conclusions P-ECT may be a means to correct alkaline CCI. Collagen fibril orientation does not change after NaOH exposure or P-ECT, suggesting that no irreversible matrix level fiber changes occur. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism for corneal clearing and to ascertain the optimal electrical dosimetry parameters and electrode designs. Translational Relevance Our findings suggest that P-ECT is a potentially effective, low-cost treatment for alkaline CCI.

Potential-Driven Electrochemical Clearing of Ex Vivo Alkaline Corneal Injuries

The ability to respond to changing consumer and industrial wastes is critical for water treatment. Surfactants are of importance because of their increasing prevalence in home and industrial settings, as well as the challenges they provide to standard treatment. Surface active agents (SAAs) are chemical compounds that are discharged into the environment. They may have a deleterious impact on ecosystem biotic components. They also produce an increase in the aqueous phase solubility of organic contaminants. The destiny of SAAs in the environment is currently uncertain. Recognizing this issue will help to safeguard live species and maintain the quality and balance of a diverse ecosystem.This critical evaluation considers studies from several technical disciplines to offer an up-to-date summary of the environmental effects of surfactants. A variety of technologies are discussed, as well as their drawbacks and potential solutions. 

https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dlsj/article/download/17309/7756

A Review on the Degradation of Ionic and Non Ionic Surfactants in Water

Current minimally invasive fat reduction modalities utilize equipment that can cost thousands of United States dollars. Electrochemical Lipolysis (ECLL), utilizing low-cost battery and electrodes (about $10), creates acid/base within fat (width ~3 mm), damaging adipocytes. Longitudinal effects of ECLL have not been studied. In this pilot study, we hypothesize in vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis, decreases adipocyte number/viability, and forms lipid droplets (LDs).Two female Yorkshire pigs (50-60 kg) received ECLL (pig 1: 10 sites ECLL, 10 sites untreated; pig 2: 12 sites ECLL, 12 sites untreated). For ECLL, two electrodes were inserted into dorsal subcutaneous fat and direct current was applied for 5 minutes. Adverse effects of excessive pain, bleeding, infection, and agitation were monitored. Histology, live-dead (Calcein, Hoechst, Ethidium Homodimer), and morphology (Bodipy and Hoechst) assays were performed on day 0 post-procedure, 1, 2, 7, 14 (pig 1, pig 2), and 28 (pig 2). Average particle area (APA), fluorescence signal areas, and adipocytes and LD numbers were compared.No adverse effects occurred. Live-dead showed adipocyte death on anode days 0-7 and cathode days 1-2 (not significant). Bodipy showed significant adipocyte loss at all sites (p<0.001) and LD formation cathode day 2 (p=0.0046). Histology revealed fat necrosis with significant increases in APA at anode and cathode by day 14 (+277.3% change compared to untreated, p <0.0001; +143.4%, p <0.0001) and day 28 (+498.6%, p <0.0001; +354.5%, p <0.0001).In vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis in pigs. Further studies are needed to evaluate volumetric fat reduction.Clinical Relevance Statement In vivo electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) induces adipocyte death and fat necrosis. ELL has the potential to be utilize in body fat contouring. 

“Electrochemical Lipolysis Induces Adipocyte Death and Fat Necrosis: In Vivo Pilot Study in Pigs”

BACKGROUND
Current minimally invasive fat reduction modalities utilize equipment that can cost thousands of United States dollars. Electrochemical Lipolysis (ECLL), utilizing low-cost battery and electrodes (about $10), creates acid/base within fat (width ~3 mm), damaging adipocytes. Longitudinal effects of ECLL have not been studied. In this pilot study, we hypothesize in vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis, decreases adipocyte number/viability, and forms lipid droplets (LDs).


METHODS
Two female Yorkshire pigs (50-60 kg) received ECLL (pig 1: 10 sites ECLL, 10 sites untreated; pig 2: 12 sites ECLL, 12 sites untreated). For ECLL, two electrodes were inserted into dorsal subcutaneous fat and direct current was applied for 5 minutes. Adverse effects of excessive pain, bleeding, infection, and agitation were monitored. Histology, live-dead (Calcein, Hoechst, Ethidium Homodimer), and morphology (Bodipy and Hoechst) assays were performed on day 0 post-procedure, 1, 2, 7, 14 (pig 1, pig 2), and 28 (pig 2). Average particle area (APA), fluorescence signal areas, and adipocytes and LD numbers were compared.


RESULTS
No adverse effects occurred. Live-dead showed adipocyte death on anode days 0-7 and cathode days 1-2 (not significant). Bodipy showed significant adipocyte loss at all sites (p<0.001) and LD formation cathode day 2 (p=0.0046). Histology revealed fat necrosis with significant increases in APA at anode and cathode by day 14 (+277.3% change compared to untreated, p <0.0001; +143.4%, p <0.0001) and day 28 (+498.6%, p <0.0001; +354.5%, p <0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
In vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis in pigs. Further studies are needed to evaluate volumetric fat reduction.Clinical Relevance Statement In vivo electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) induces adipocyte death and fat necrosis. ELL has the potential to be utilize in body fat contouring.

"Electrochemical Lipolysis Induces Adipocyte Death and Fat Necrosis: In Vivo Pilot Study in Pigs".

Body contouring achieved via subcutaneous adipose tissue reduction has notably advanced over the past century, from suction assisted lipectomy to techniques with reduced degrees of invasiveness including laser, radiofrequency, high frequency focused ultrasound, cryolipolysis, and drug-based injection approaches. These costly techniques have focused on damaging adipocyte cell membranes, hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs), or inducing apoptosis. Here, we present a simple, low-cost technique, termed electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL). During ECLL, saline is injected into the subcutaneous adipose tissue, followed by insertion of needle electrodes and application of an electrical potential. Electrolysis of saline creates localized pH gradients that drive adipocyte death and saponification of TGs. Using pH mapping, various optical imaging techniques, and biochemical assays, we demonstrate the ability of ECLL to induce acid and base injury, cell death, and the saponification of triglycerides in ex vivo porcine adipose tissue. We define ECLL's potential role as a minimally-invasive, ultra-low-cost technology for reducing and contouring adipose tissue, and present ECLL as a potential new application of an emerging electrochemical redox based treatment modality.

/pdf/electrochemical-degradation-and-saponification-of-porcine-25t75ropsg.pdf

Electrochemical degradation and saponification of porcine adipose tissue.

OBJECTIVES To examine the acid-base and histological changes in in vivo rabbit cutaneous tissue after electrochemical therapy. STUDY DESIGN In vivo rabbit tissue study. METHODS The shaved skin on the backs of female Oryctolagus cuniculi were assigned to treatments with or without tumescence with normal saline. Two platinum-needle electrodes were inserted into each treatment area and connected to a direct current (DC) power supply. Voltage (3-5 V) was varied and applied for 5 minutes. The wound-healing process was monitored via digital photography and ultrasonography until euthanasia at day 29. Treatment areas were biopsied, and specimens were sectioned through a sagittal midline across both electrode insertion sites. Samples were then evaluated utilizing light microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and Picrosirius red). RESULTS Treatment sites developed mild inflammation that dissipated at lower voltages or became scabs at higher voltages. Ultrasonography demonstrated acoustic shadowing with spatial spread that increased with increasing voltage application. The 4- and 5-V sites treated with saline had localized areas of increased tissue density at day 29. Although specimens treated with 3 V did not look significantly different from control tissue, 4- and 5-V samples with and without saline tumescence had finer, less-organized collagen fibers and increased presence of fibrocytes and inflammatory infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS Electrochemical therapy caused localized injury to in vivo rabbit cutaneous tissue, prompting regenerative wound repair. With future development, this technology may offer precise, low-cost rejuvenation to restore the functionality and appearance of dermal scars and keloids. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2196-E2203, 2021.

Electrochemical Therapy of In Vivo Rabbit Cutaneous Tissue.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Kyle D Hansen

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Electrochemical degradation and saponification of porcine adipose tissue.

"Electrochemical Lipolysis Induces Adipocyte Death and Fat Necrosis: In Vivo Pilot Study in Pigs".

Electrochemical Therapy of In Vivo Rabbit Cutaneous Tissue.