The presence of an excessive concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere needs to be curbed with suitable measures including the reduction of CO2 emissions at stationary point sources such as power plants through carbon capture technologies and subsequent conversion of the captured CO2 into non-polluting clean fuels/chemicals using photo and/or electrocatalytic pathways. Porous materials have attracted much attention for carbon capture and in the recent past; they have witnessed significant advancements in their design and implementation for CO2 capture and conversion. In this context, the emerging trends in major porous adsorbents such as MOFs, zeolites, POPs, porous carbons, and mesoporous materials for CO2 capture and conversion are discussed. Their surface texture and chemistry, and the influence of various other features on their efficiency, selectivity, and recyclability for CO2 capture and conversion are explained and compared thoroughly. The scientific and technical advances on the material structure versus CO2 capture and conversion provide deep insights into designing effective porous materials. The review concludes with a summary, which compiles the key challenges in the field, current trends and critical challenges in the development of porous materials, and future research directions combined with possible solutions for realising the deployment of porous materials in CO2 capture and conversion.

Emerging trends in porous materials for CO2 capture and conversion

Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) represent an exciting new type of porous organic material (POP), which have some unique characteristics, i.e., aromatic CN linkage (triazine unit) and the absence of any weak bonds. In particular, the strong aromatic covalent bonds endow CTFs with high chemical stability and rich nitrogen content, which bring great value for many practical applications and the interesting heteroatom effect (HAE). The unique properties make CTFs attractive for various applications, such as separation and storage of gases, energy storage, photocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Based on the current status of research, CTFs can be classified into two categories, i.e., amorphous and crystalline CTFs. Since 2008, a series of synthetic strategies have been developed, i.e., an ionothermal trimerization strategy, a phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) catalyzed method, amidine based polycondensation methods, a superacid catalyzed method and a Friedel–Crafts reaction method. The advent of these methodologies has prompted researchers to construct well-defined crystalline CTFs. This critical review systematically summarizes the development and challenges in the synthesis and potential applications of CTFs.

Covalent triazine frameworks: synthesis and applications

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.

N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Materials Chemistry.

Iridium Single-Atom Catalyst Performing a Quasi-homogeneous Hydrogenation Transformation of CO2 to Formate

Porous ionic polymers: Design, synthesis, and applications

Functionalized covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) realized by rational design of the monomer have been recognized as a promising candidate to achieve improvements in various applications. Here, new CTFs, 1,3-bis(pyridyl) imidazolium-based CTFs (bpim-CTFs), have been prepared via incorporation of an imidazolium motif into the monomer, which resulted in high functionalization of the frameworks. The bpim-CTFs showed N-rich environments, excellent micro-porosity (up to 1550 m2 g−1) and high thermal stabilities, promising for efficient CO2 capture. The bpim-CTF-500 showed the highest CO2 uptake capacity of up to 2.77 mmol at 1 bar at a temperature of 298 K, which is higher than those of most of the other POFs except a few examples. Additionally, the frameworks featured moderate CO2 selectivity over N2 up to 32.

Preparation of covalent triazine frameworks with imidazolium cations embedded in basic sites and their application for CO2 capture

β-Hydroxy esters are considered as potential building blocks for the production of fine chemicals and potential drug molecules in various industries. Developing an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of β-hydroxy esters is challenging. Here we report the first ionic-liquid-based heterogenized cobalt catalyst, [imidazolium-CTF][Co(CO)4], for the direct ring-opening carbonylation of propylene oxide to methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (MHB) with 86% selectivity (>99% conversion).

Ionic-Liquid-Based Heterogeneous Covalent Triazine Framework Cobalt Catalyst for the Direct Synthesis of Methyl 3-Hydroxybutyrate from Propylene Oxide.

Functionalizing the recently developed porous materials such as porous organic frameworks and coordination polymer networks with active homogeneous catalytic sites would offer new opportunities in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this regard, a novel covalent triazine framework functionalized with an Ir(III)-N-heterocyclic carbene complex was synthesized and characterized to have a coordination environment similar to that of its structurally related molecular Ir complex. Because of the strong σ-donating and poor π-accepting characters of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, the heterogenized Ir-NHC complex efficiently catalyzes the hydrogenation of CO2 to formate with a turnover frequency of up to 16 000 h–1 and a turnover number of up to 24 300; these are the highest values reported to date in heterogeneous catalysis for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formate.

A Covalent Triazine Framework, Functionalized with Ir/N-Heterocyclic Carbene Sites, for the Efficient Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formate

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Preparation of covalent triazine frameworks with imidazolium cations embedded in basic sites and their application for CO2 capture

Ionic-Liquid-Based Heterogeneous Covalent Triazine Framework Cobalt Catalyst for the Direct Synthesis of Methyl 3-Hydroxybutyrate from Propylene Oxide.

A Covalent Triazine Framework, Functionalized with Ir/N-Heterocyclic Carbene Sites, for the Efficient Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formate