Of 20 plasma amino acids measured, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were increased, and glycine decreased, in obese subjects compared with age- and sex-matched controls The concentration of each of the amino acids elevated in obesity correlated directly with serum insulin In addition, these were the amino acids most sensitive to the action of insulin in lowering plasma amino acid levels, as evidenced by a diminution in concentration after glucose infusion Despite a significantly greater increment in serum insulin in the obese group, the magnitude of the decline in amino acids after glucose administration was identical in the two groups Hyperaminoacidemia appears to be a manifestation of the insulin ineffectiveness characteristic of obesity Furthermore, hyperaminoacidemia may provide the feedback signal to the beta cell through which insulin resistance is accompanied by an appropriately augmented secretory rate of insulin

Plasma amino acid levels and insulin secretion in obesity.

Alanine is quantitatively the primary amino acid released by muscle and extracted by the splanchnic bed in postabsorptive as well as prolonged fasted man. The hepatic capacity for conversion of alanine to glucose exceeds that of all other amino acids. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducing hepatic alanine uptake. In contrast, in diabetes, an increase in hepatic alanine extraction is observed in the face of diminished circulating substrate. In prolonged fasting, diminished alanine release is the mechanism whereby gluconeogenesis is reduced. In circumstances in which alanine is deficient, such as pregnancy and ketotic hypoglycemia of infancy, fasting hypoglycemia is accentuated. Augmented glucose utilization in exercise and hyperpyruvicemia consequent to inborn enzymatic defects are accompanied by increased circulating levels of alanine. These data thus suggest the existence of a glucose-alanine cycle in which alanine is formed peripherally by transamination of glucose-derived pyruvate and transported to the liver where its carbon skeleton is reconverted to glucose. The rate of recycling of glucose carbon skeletons in this pathway appears to occur at approximately 50% of that observed for the Cori (lactate) cycle.

The glucose-alanine cycle.

Excretion of Fat by Normal Full-Term Infants Fed Various Milks and Formulas

Accumulation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid in ketoacidosis

Amino acids and free fatty acids in plasma in diabetes. I. The effect of insulin on the arterial levels.

Über den Einbau von 2-14C-Glykokoll in die Nucleinsäuren und Proteine der fötalen und mütterlichen Gewebe bei der Ratte

Es wird uber I Fall von Oxalose bei einem 4 3/4 Jahre alten Madchen berichtet, das seit seinem 2. Lebensjahr die klassischen Symptome dieser Krankheit aufwies. Die Oxalsaureausscheidung im Urin des Kindes betrug im Durchschnitt das 10–15fache wie die von 10 gesunden Kontrollkindern. Belastungsversuche mit Natrium-Benzoat bewiesen, das zumindest der groste Teil der im Urin ausgeschiedenen Oxalsaure vom Glykokoll stammt. Im Gegensatz zum Meerschweinchen ist offenbar der menschliche Organismus nicht in der Lage, aus Ascorbinsaure Oxalsaure zu bilden; bei unserer Patientin jedenfalls fuhrte eine Belastung mit Ascorbinsaure zu keiner Vermehrung der Oxalsaureausscheidung.

Studies on the metabolism of oxalic acid in a child with oxalosis

die Wertung der absinkcnden Bilirubinbefunde. Der erste Punkt ist bei uns wie beim Verf. nur eincr eindrueksstatistischen Beurteilung zug~inglich, DaB im Falle einer auch nut teilweisen Best~tigung unserer Ergebnisse eine vergleichende Therapie im Sinne yon i~IA~¢~ notwendig wi~re, bedarf keiner weiteren Diskussion. Wir hatten in unserer Formulierung keinen Zweifel dariiber gelassen, da~] yon einem statistiseh gesicherten Ergebnis noch nicht gesprochen werden k6mm. Dusselbe gilt fiir die Deutung nnserer Bilirubinbefunde, die jedoch nach Ansicht qualifizierter Internisten mit an Sicherhcit grenzender Wahrseheinlichkeit keine Zufatlsbefunde darstellen sollen. Dies wird besonders durch das zweimalige, gleichsinnige Ansprechen eines Fa]les wahrseheinlieh gemacht, bei dem zwis'chen zwei Therapiest6Ben eine Versehlechterung eintrat. D~s Ergebnis, zu dem der Verf. kommL ist bezeichnenderweise das gleiche wie das unscrer Arbeit: Die Empfehlnng zur weiteren Nachpriifung der ~ragestellung. Literatur. ~MAHw~, P. : Methodenlehre der therapeutischklinischen Forschung. Berlin-G5ttingen: Springer 1947.

Über die calciumresorptionsfördernde Wirkung der Citronensäure

Untersuchungen zum Stoffwechsel markierter Glucose und Fructose bei Ratten

Über den Brenztraubensäuregehalt des Blutes während der ersten Lebensstunden

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