The ongoing rapid expansion of the Internet greatly increases the necessity of effective recommender systems for filtering the abundant information Extensive research for recommender systems is conducted by a broad range of communities including social and computer scientists, physicists, and interdisciplinary researchers Despite substantial theoretical and practical achievements, unification and comparison of different approaches are lacking, which impedes further advances In this article, we review recent developments in recommender systems and discuss the major challenges We compare and evaluate available algorithms and examine their roles in the future developments In addition to algorithms, physical aspects are described to illustrate macroscopic behavior of recommender systems Potential impacts and future directions are discussed We emphasize that recommendation has a great scientific depth and combines diverse research fields which makes it of interests for physicists as well as interdisciplinary researchers

Recommender Systems

ing Education-support Object-oriented Accessibility Electronic publishing OCR Agents Ethnographic study OODB support Annotation Filtering Personalization Archive Geographic information system Preservation Billing, charging Hypermedia Privacy Browsing Hypertext Publisher library Catalog Image processing Repository Classification Indexing Scalability Clustering Information retrieval Searching Commercial service Intellectual property rights Security Content conversion Interactive Sociological study Copyright clearance Knowledge base Storage Courseware Knowbot Standard Database Library science Subscription Diagrams (e.g., CAD) Mediator Sustainability Digital video Multilingual Training support Discipline-level library Multimedia stream playback Usability Distributed processing Multimedia systems Virtual (integration) Document analysis Multimodal Visualization Document model National library World-Wide Web Economic study Navigation its characterization of digital libraries. Many important projects and perspectives have been omitted. Here we give some pointers to aid further exploration, and of course we encourage interested readers to attend the numerous conferences and workshops scheduled in this field, many sponsored by or in cooperation with ACM and its SIGs. One early journal special issue is introduced in [6]. It includes articles on copyright and intellectual property rights, a subscription model for handling funds transfer related to digital libraries, a description of the evolution of the WAIS search system in general and its interfaces in particular, an overview of the Right Pages system and its use of OCR and document analysis algorithms, and an early overview of the Envision system [7]. We note that to many, intellectual property rights issues and ways to obtain revenue streams to sustain digital libraries are the most important open problems. The largest digital library conference makes its proceedings available over the WWW [9]. These contain many insightful discussions, proposals of new research ideas, descriptions of base technologies, and explanations of how the broad concept of a digital library fits in with the needs of specific user communities and the information they require. Readers can find a variety of works on agents, architectures, catalogs, collaboration, compression, document analysis from OCR and page images, document structure, electronic journals, heterogeneous sources, knowledge-based approaches, library science, numerical data collections, object stores, and organizational usability. For more details on the origins of the Digital Library Initiative, and for a variety of perspectives on open research problems, we refer the reader to [5]. This work also has numerous pointers to people, projects, institutions, and other reference works in the area. For a perspective on the role the computer industry should have in this field, see [10]. This report outlines IBM’s perspective on key supporting technologies and on the unique challenges highlighted by the emergence of digital libraries. We expect considerable interest from the corporate sector as well as from government agencies in this important area of information technology. For lack of space, we have had to omit many publications on networking and storage technologies, sociological and ethnographic studies, library and information science, OCR and document analysis or conversion, and rights management. These and other works are needed to round out the discussion of digital libraries. However, we encourage you to read the rest of this issue as a good starting point for your future studies of this important field. We invite you to not only use but also help in the creation of a future World Digital Library System!

Digital libraries

The old Asian legend about the blind men and the elephant comes to mind when looking at how different authors of scientific papers describe a piece of related prior work. It turns out that different citations to the same paper often focus on different aspects of that paper and that neither provides a full description of its full set of contributions. In this article, we will describe our investigation of this phenomenon. We studied citation summaries in the context of research papers in the biomedical domain. A citation summary is the set of citing sentences for a given article and can be used as a surrogate for the actual article in a variety of scenarios. It contains information that was deemed by peers to be important. Our study shows that citation summaries overlap to some extent with the abstracts of the papers and that they also differ from them in that they focus on different aspects of these papers than do the abstracts. In addition to this, co-cited articles (which are pairs of articles cited by another article) tend to be similar. We show results based on a lexical similarity metric called cohesion to justify our claims. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

/pdf/blind-men-and-elephants-what-do-citation-summaries-tell-us-5fclhc2mf5.pdf

Blind men and elephants: What do citation summaries tell us about a research article?

Software, system and methods for managing a distributed network (10) environment including a plurality of computers (22,24) interconnected by a network link (24), where at least some of the computers include a layered communication protocol stack (92) for providing a data interface between an application program (98, 122) and the network link, the communications stack having a transport protocol layer (124) for providing an end-to-end communications connection The invention includes a control module (132) and a plurality of agents (70), each agent being associated with one of the computers and adapted to dynamically monitor the associated computer at a data transmission point between an application program running on the computer and the transport protocol layer and repeatedly communicate with the control module (132) in order to effect management of the distributed network system The invented software, system and methods may also include a messaging feature for providing users, IT personnel, or various management systems with informative messages concerning network conditions and network resources

Software, systems and methods for managing a distributed network

Graphing graphene: Because the naming of graphene-based materials (GBMs) has led to confusion and inconsistency, a classification approach is necessary. Three physical-chemical properties of GBMs have been defined by the GRAPHENE Flagship Project of the European Union for the unequivocal classification of these materials (see grid).

/pdf/classification-framework-for-graphene-based-materials-4nxkon2m3x.pdf

Classification framework for graphene-based materials

Collaborative tagging systems, or folksonomies, have the potential of becoming technological infrastructure to support knowledge management activities in an organization or a society. There are many challenges, however. This paper presents designs that enhance collaborative tagging systems to meet some key challenges: community identification, ontology generation, user and document recommendation. Design prototypes, evaluation methodology and selected preliminary results are presented.

https://facet.cs.odu.edu/publications/socnethpertextodense.pdf

Harvesting social knowledge from folksonomies

Many distance learning systems claim to be interactive, but few can offer two-way video, on-the-fly interaction and application sharing. To address these limitations, our research group built the Interactive Remote Instruction (IRI) system, which links sites over a high-speed intranet, allowing students at geographically dispersed satellite campuses and community colleges to take a class together. Access from home PCs through a Windows NT port is planned but not yet available. IRI improves on the Old Dominion University's Teletechnet system in five areas: video resolution, asymmetrical video presence, interaction, teacher support and computer simulations.

Interactive distance learning over intranets

This paper presents a new data structure, called a compressed trie or C-trie, to be used in information retrieval systems. It has the same underlying m-ary tree structure as a trie, where m is a parameter of the trie, but whereas the fields of the nodes in a trie have to be large enough to hold a key or at least a pointer, the fields in a C-trie are only one bit long. In the analysis part of the paper it will be shown that for a collection of n keys the retrieval time, measured in terms of bit inspections of one key, is of the order logmn and the storage requirement of the order n·(m + log2n) bits. This improvement in storage requirements and retrieval time is achieved at the cost of decreasing the flexibility of the structure, and therefore updating costs are increased. First the C-trie is analyzed as a data structure, and then several methods of its use for relatively static databases are discussed.

Compressed tries

Recently algorithms have been presented for the realization of event scheduling routines suitable for general purpose discrete event simulation systems. Several exhibited a performance superior to that of commonly used simple linked list algorithms. In this paper a new event scheduling algorithm is presented which improves on two aspects of the best of the previously published algorithms. First, the new algorithm's performance is quite insensitive to skewed distributions, and second, its worst-case complexity is O(√n), where n is the number of events in the set. Furthermore, tests conducted to estimate the average complexity showed it to be nearly independent of n.

An efficient data structure for the simulation event set

With the increasing complexity of large scale distributed (LSD) systems, an efficient monitoring mechanism has become an essential service for improving the performance and reliability of such complex applications. The paper presents a scalable, dynamic, flexible and nonintrusive monitoring architecture for managing large scale distributed (LSD) systems. This architecture, which is referred to as the HiFi monitoring system, detects and classifies interesting primitive and composite events and performs either a corrective or steering action. When appropriate, information is also disseminated to management applications, such as reactive control tools. The outlined solution offers improvements over related works by supporting new monitoring techniques such as hierarchical filtering based monitoring and filter incarnation that improve the monitoring scalability and dynamism which are required for managing large scale distributed systems. The HiFi monitoring system has been implemented and used at the Old Dominion University for monitoring and steering Interactive Remote Instruction (IRI) which is a large scale distributed multimedia system for distance learning.

HiFi: a new monitoring architecture for distributed systems management

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