Coding of olfactory information : topography of odorant receptor expression in the catfish olfactory epithelium

In this study we use a taxon-based approach to examine previous, as well as new findings on several topics pertaining to the peripheral olfactory components in teleost fishes. These topics comprise (1) the gross anatomy of the peripheral olfactory organ, including olfactory sensory neuron subtypes and their functional parameters, (2) the ultrastructure of the olfactory epithelium, and (3) recent findings regarding the development of the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium. The teleosts are living ray-finned fish, and include descendants of early-diverging orders (e.g., salmon), specialized descendants (e.g., goldfish and zebrafish), as well as the Acanthopterygii, numerous species with sharp bony rays, including perch, stickleback, bass and tuna. Our survey reveals that the olfactory epithelium lines a multi-lamellar olfactory rosette in many teleosts. In Acanthopterygii, there are also examples of flat, single, double or triple folded olfactory epithelia. Diverse species ventilate the olfactory chamber with a single accessory nasal sac, whereas the presence of two sacs is confined to species within the Acanthopterygii. Recent studies in salmonids and cyprinids have shown that both ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and microvillous OSNs respond to amino acid odorants. Bile acids stimulate ciliated OSNs, and nucleotides activate microvillous OSNs. G-protein coupled odorant receptor molecules (OR-, V1R-, and V2R-types) have been identified in several teleost species. Ciliated OSNs express the G-protein subunit Gαolf/s, which activates cyclic AMP during transduction. Localization of G protein subunits Gα0 and Gαq/11 to microvillous or crypt OSNs, varies among different species. All teleost species appear to have microvillous and ciliated OSNs. The recently discovered crypt OSN is likewise found broadly. There is surprising diversity during ontogeny. In some species, OSNs and supporting cells derive from placodal cells; in others, supporting cells develop from epithelial (skin) cells. In some, epithelial cells covering the developing olfactory epithelium degenerate, in others, these retract. Likewise, there are different mechanisms for nostril formation. We conclude that there is considerable diversity in gross anatomy and development of the peripheral olfactory organ in teleosts, yet conservation of olfactory sensory neuron morphology. There is not sufficient information to draw conclusions regarding the diversity of teleost olfactory receptors or transduction cascades.

Diversity in the olfactory epithelium of bony fishes : Development, lamellar arrangement, sensory neuron cell types and transduction components

The morphology of the olfactory organ in fish has fascinated scientists for a long time. At the turn of the 18th to the 19th century, investigators were already attracted by the formation of olfactory lamellae in fish. From the second half of the 19th century, extensive comparative investigations followed (comprehensive historical review: Kleerekoper, 1969, 1982). Schultze (1863) was the pioneer of studies on the histology of the olfactory epithelium of vertebrates, including fish. He found two types of cells, epithelial and sensory, the latter of which seemed to be the peripheral end of the olfactory nerve. A new epoch of histology began with the introduction of the electron microscope. Using this technique the first results from the olfactory epithelium of fish were obtained by Trujillo-Cenoz (1961). The last review of the morphology of the peripheral olfactory organ in fish (Yamamoto, 1982) was focused on teleosts. This chapter deals also with non-teleost fish. Aspects of ontogeny, growth, adaptation, and evolution of the peripheral olfactory organ are included.

Structure, development, and evolutionary aspects of the peripheral olfactory system

The olfactory system in vertebrates comprises a highly specialized sensory organ for detection and identification of minute quantities of chemicals in the environment. Experimental studies have documented the role played by olfactory information in social relationships, prey or predator recognition, and the search for food. The demands imposed by the aquatic environment have made the olfactory apparatus of fish a sensory system with many specialized features. At present only a few properties of the fish olfactory organ have been investigated.

Functional Properties of the Fish Olfactory System

The potential of rapeseed protein concentrate as fish meal alternative in diets for wels catfish (initial average weight 86.5 ± 1.9 g) was evaluated. Sixteen fish were stocked into each of 12 experimental tanks being part of a freshwater recirculation system. Fish were organized in triplicate groups and received isonitrogenous (603 ± 3 g CP kg−1) and isocaloric (23.0 ± 0.3 kJ g−1) experimental diets with 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of fish meal replaced with rapeseed protein concentrate (710 g CP kg−1). At the end of the 63-day feeding period, weight gain, standard growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency showed no significant difference between control group and fish fed on diets with 25% reduced fish meal content by inclusion of rapeseed protein concentrate. Higher dietary fish meal replacement negatively affected diet quality and palatability resulting in reduced feed intake, feed efficiencies and fish performance. However, blood serum values of triglycerides, glucose and protein were not significantly different between treatment groups, still indicating a favourable nutrient supply from all experimental diets.

Replacement of fish meal with rapeseed protein concentrate in diets fed to wels catfish (Silurus glanis L.)

The anatomical structure of the olfactory organs, nerve tracts and brain was described in Silurus glanis. The changes connected with aging were considered. The olfactory lamellae are thin and tightly set in a rosette. In the 1 year old individuals there are 48...51 lamellae in a single rosette. This number increases gradually with age and in the 9...10 year old welses reaches 150. The surface area of the lamellae of a single rosette also indicates an increase: in the 1 year old specimen it equals 117 mm2, while in the adult individual (5...6 year old)--1040 mm2. This is due to the increase in both the size of each lamella and the number of the lamellae. The obtained results are discussed with regard to other author's data. It has been found that the dynamics of the increase of the surface area of the olfactory epithelium in fish are closely related to the way of life and not to the systematic affiliation of the species.

Anatomy and morphometry of the olfactory organ of the wels Silurus glanis L. (Siluridae, Pisces).

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Anatomy and morphometry of the olfactory organ of the wels Silurus glanis L. (Siluridae, Pisces).