The increasing demand for more efficient and environmental-friendly gas turbines has driven the development of new strategies for material development. SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) can fulfil the stringent requirements; however, they require protection from the operating environment and debris ingested during operation. Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are a protective measure to enable the CMCs to operate under harsh conditions. EBC-coated CMCs will enable an increased efficiency and reduced pollutant and CO2 emissions. In this review, the fundamentals of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites degradation in steam environments and under the presence of corrosive species, namely CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS), are first presented. Then, a summary of EBCs along with a comprehensive summary of the current compositions and their interactions with steam and molten corrosive species is presented. Finally, an overview of the latest research directions for the potential next generation of EBCs are outlined.

A review on environmental barrier coatings: History, current state of the art and future developments

The emergence of plastic electronics satisfies the increasing demand for flexible electronics. However, it has caused severe ecological problems. Flexible electronics based on natural materials are increasing to hopefully realize the “green” and eco‐friendly concept. Herein, recent advances in the design and fabrication of green flexible electronics are reviewed. First, this review comprehensively introduces various natural materials and derivatives, focusing particularly on fibroin and silk, wood and paper, plants, and biomass. Second, fabrication techniques for modifying natural materials, including physical and chemical methods, are presented, after which their merits and demerits are thoroughly discussed. Green flexible electronics based on natural materials, comprising electrical wires/electrodes, antennas, thermal management devices, transistors, memristors, sensors, energy‐harvesting devices, energy‐storage devices, displays, actuators, electromagnetic shielding, and integration systems, are described in detail. Finally, perspectives on the existing challenges and opportunities to employ natural materials in green flexible electronics are presented.

Green Flexible Electronics: Natural Materials, Fabrication, and Applications

This review critically examines the current understanding of calcia–magnesia–alumina–silicate (CMAS) degradation mechanisms and mitigation approaches in thermal and environmental barrier coatings. ...

Calcia–magnesia–alumina–silicate (CMAS) attack mechanisms and roadmap towards Sandphobic thermal and environmental barrier coatings

There are many sets of information in the literature (eg, papers, books and websites) about the great achievements that are expected for aerospace gas turbine engines by the employment of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and thermally sprayed environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) in their hot zones (eg, combustion chambers, vanes, shrouds, blades and afterburners) Among these achievements, it is typically highlighted (i) turbine weight reduction, (ii) reduced fuel consumption, (iii) higher operation temperatures, (iv) superior thrust-to-weight ratio and (v) lower emission of toxic gases to the atmosphere Although these achievements are true, they are generally not well-explained to the reader on how together they come to be In addition, according to “conventional wisdom”, some of these engineering feats are in fact opposing each other (eg, higher operation temperatures versus lower emissions) The objective of this tutorial paper is to present the reader how these feats are achieved by the concomitant combination of imaginative engineering It will explain the non-stop driving force for increasing combustion temperatures; show the basic concepts of CMCs, the paramount need of EBCs, and the complexity of creating EBC architectures via air plasma spray (APS) Finally, highlights on how EBCs/CMCs are tested at high temperature will be provided The content of this paper shall be understood by anyone with basic knowledge in materials processing and surface engineering

/pdf/perspectives-on-environmental-barrier-coatings-ebcs-2knbhbcoav.pdf

Perspectives on Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBCs) Manufactured via Air Plasma Spray (APS) on Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): A Tutorial Paper

Water vapor corrosion behaviors of plasma sprayed RE2SiO5 (RE = Gd, Y, Er) coatings

Rare earth silicate environmental barrier coatings: Present status and prospective

LuPO4 ceramics have been synthesized by chemical precipitation and calcination approaches. The phase stability and the thermal properties of the ceramics as well as the thermochemical reactions between LuPO4 pellet and calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicate at 1300℃ have been investigated. The results indicated that LuPO4 has a relatively lower thermal conductivity (1.86 W m-1 K-1 at 1200 ℃) and a well-matched coefficient of thermal expansion (5.92 × 10-6 K-1) with SiC based ceramic matrix composites. No phase transformation occurs in single phase LuPO4 during the heating from room temperature to 1300 ℃. Corrosion tests showed that CMAS can dissolve LuPO4 and cause precipitation of crystalline phases such as Lu2Si2O7, CaAl2Si2O8, CaMgSi2O6, Ca2Lu8 (SiO4)6O2 and Ca8MgLu (PO4)7. Extending the corrosion duration results in the formation of Ca2Lu8 (SiO4)6O2 apatite and other crystalline phases with a dendritic-like structure in the CMAS layer. CMAS corrosion resistance of LuPO4 is significantly greater than Lu2Si2O7 since less LuPO4 need to be dissolved to form a protective apatite barrier layer. Ca8MgLu (PO4)7 tends to form a continuous reaction layer at the CMAS/LuPO4 interface. This dense and continuous layer can effectively inhibit molten CMAS penetration into LuPO4.

Thermal properties and Calcium-Magnesium-Alumina-Silicate (CMAS) resistance of LuPO4 as environmental barrier coatings

Water vapor corrosion behavior and failure mechanism of plasma sprayed mullite/Lu2Si2O7-Lu2SiO5 coatings

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Rare earth silicate environmental barrier coatings: Present status and prospective

Thermal properties and Calcium-Magnesium-Alumina-Silicate (CMAS) resistance of LuPO4 as environmental barrier coatings

Water vapor corrosion behavior and failure mechanism of plasma sprayed mullite/Lu2Si2O7-Lu2SiO5 coatings