The application of bio-char (charcoal or biomass-derived black carbon (C)) to soil is pro- posed as a novel approach to establish a significant, long-term, sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems. Apart from positive effects in both reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration of greenhouse gases, the production of bio-char and its application to soil will deliver im- mediate benefits through improved soil fertility and increased crop production. Conversion of biomass C to bio-char C leads to sequestration of about 50% of the initial C compared to the low amounts retained after burning (3%) and biological decomposition (<10-20% after 5-10 years), therefore yielding more stable soil C than burning or direct land application of biomass. This efficiency of C conversion of biomass to bio-char is highly dependent on the type of feedstock, but is not significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature (within 350-500 ◦ C common for pyrolysis). Existing slash-and- burn systems cause significant degradation of soil and release of greenhouse gases and opportunies may exist to enhance this system by conversion to slash-and-char systems. Our global analysis revealed that up to 12% of the total anthropogenic C emissions by land use change (0.21 Pg C) can be off-set annually in soil, if slash-and-burn is replaced by slash-and-char. Agricultural and forestry wastes such as forest residues, mill residues, field crop residues, or urban wastes add a conservatively estimated 0.16 Pg C yr −1 . Biofuel production using modern biomass can produce a bio-char by-product through pyrolysis which results in 30.6 kg C sequestration for each GJ of energy produced. Using published projections of the use of renewable fuels in the year 2100, bio-char sequestration could amount to 5.5-9.5 Pg C yr −1 if this demand for energy was met through pyrolysis, which would exceed current emissions from fossil fuels (5.4 Pg C yr −1 ). Bio-char soil management systems can deliver tradable C emissions reduction, and C sequestered is easily accountable, and verifiable.

/pdf/bio-char-sequestration-in-terrestrial-ecosystems-a-review-11nd7n5wu0.pdf

Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems - a review

The application of bio-char (charcoal or biomass-derived black carbon (C)) to soil is proposed as a novel approach to establish a significant, long-term, sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems. Apart from positive effects in both reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration of greenhouse gases, the production of bio-char and its application to soil will deliver immediate benefits through improved soil fertility and increased crop production. Conversion of biomass C to bio-char C leads to sequestration of about 50% of the initial C compared to the low amounts retained after burning (3%) and biological decomposition (< 10–20% after 5–10 years), therefore yielding more stable soil C than burning or direct land application of biomass. This efficiency of C conversion of biomass to bio-char is highly dependent on the type of feedstock, but is not significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature (within 350–500 ∘C common for pyrolysis). Existing slash-and-burn systems cause significant degradation of soil and release of greenhouse gases and opportunies may exist to enhance this system by conversion to slash-and-char systems. Our global analysis revealed that up to 12% of the total anthropogenic C emissions by land use change (0.21 Pg C) can be off-set annually in soil, if slash-and-burn is replaced by slash-and-char. Agricultural and forestry wastes such as forest residues, mill residues, field crop residues, or urban wastes add a conservatively estimated 0.16 Pg C yr−1. Biofuel production using modern biomass can produce a bio-char by-product through pyrolysis which results in 30.6 kg C sequestration for each GJ of energy produced. Using published projections of the use of renewable fuels in the year 2100, bio-char sequestration could amount to 5.5–9.5 Pg C yr−1 if this demand for energy was met through pyrolysis, which would exceed current emissions from fossil fuels (5.4 Pg C yr−1). Bio-char soil management systems can deliver tradable C emissions reduction, and C sequestered is easily accountable, and verifiable.

Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystem: a review

http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/OrgGeochem%2037,%201477-1488,%202006%20Cheng%20www.pdf

Oxidation of Black Carbon by Biotic and Abiotic Processes

Experiments suggest that biomass-derived black carbon (biochar) affects microbial populations and soil biogeochemistry. Both biochar and mycor- rhizal associations, ubiquitous symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems, are potentially important in various ecosystem services provided by soils, contributing to sustainable plant production, ecosystem restoration, and soil carbon sequestration and hence mitigation of global climate change. As both biochar and mycor- rhizal associations are subject to management, under- standing and exploiting interactions between them could be advantageous. Here we focus on biochar effects on mycorrhizal associations. After reviewing the experimental evidence for such effects, we critically examine hypotheses pertaining to four mechanisms by which biochar could influence mycorrhizal abundance and/or functioning. These mechanisms are (in decreas- ing order of currently available evidence supporting them): (a) alteration of soil physico-chemical proper- ties; (b) indirect effects on mycorrhizae through effects on other soil microbes; (c) plant-fungus signaling interference and detoxification of allelochemicals on biochar; and (d) provision of refugia from fungal grazers. We provide a roadmap for research aimed at testing these mechanistic hypotheses.

http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/PlantSoil%20300,%209-20,%202007,%20Warnock.pdf

Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil – concepts and mechanisms

Pyrogenic or “black” carbon is a soil and sediment component that may control pollutant migration. Biochar, black carbon made intentionally by biomass pyrolysis, is increasingly discussed as a possible soil amendment to increase fertility and sequester carbon. Though thought to be extremely refractory, it must degrade at some rate. Better understanding of the rates and factors controlling its remineralization in the environment is needed. Release of CO2 was measured over 1 year from microbial and sterile incubations of biochars made from a range of biomass types and combustion conditions. Carbon release from abiotic incubations was 50−90% that of microbially inoculated incubations, and both generally decreased with increasing charring temperature. All biochars displayed log−linearly decreasing mineralization rates that, when modeled, were used to calculate 100 year C losses of 3−26% and biochar C half-lives on orders ranging from 102 to 107 years. Because biochar lability was found to be strongly controll...

/pdf/abiotic-and-microbial-oxidation-of-laboratory-produced-black-4tj2tfiycn.pdf

Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory-produced black carbon (biochar).

We investigated the resistance of wood charcoal against ozone and estimated the half-life of the charcoal in air. The weight of wood charcoal prepared by the carbonization of Fagus crenata sawdust at 400°C (C-400) was not affected with up to 8.5% ozone while the charcoal prepared at 1000°C (C-1000) burned with 4.9% ozone. Pores with a diameter of approximately 100–200 nm were observed on the surface of ozone-treated C-1000 by scanning electron microscopy, although no pores were found in ozone-treated C-400. The peak positions of the C1s spectra and the full width at half maximum of X-ray photoelectron spectrum peaks suggest that C-400 has an amorphous structure composed of aliphatic carbons and small aromatic molecules while C-1000 and activated charcoal (AC) are polyaromatic. It is likely that the aromatic layers of C-1000 and AC were destroyed and the edge carbon atoms were removed as CO or CO2 by ozone oxidation. We estimated the half-life of C-1000 with ozone in air to be about 50 000 years by assuming that the weight of C-1000 decayed exponentially. Thus, it is suggested that wood charcoal is stable on a geological time scale.

/pdf/reactivity-of-wood-charcoal-with-ozone-5dx0727tcy.pdf

Reactivity of wood charcoal with ozone

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Reactivity of wood charcoal with ozone