Advancements and Challenges in Potassium Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries: Structure, analysis, sustainability, and electrochemistry

Author(s): Hirsh, Hayley S; Li, Yixuan; Tan, Darren HS; Zhang, Minghao; Zhao, Enyue; Meng, Y Shirley

/pdf/sodium-ion-batteries-paving-the-way-for-grid-energy-storage-i9ex11532p.pdf

Sodium-Ion Batteries Paving the Way for Grid Energy Storage

While sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) represent a low‐cost substitute for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), there are still several key issues that need to be addressed before SIBs become market‐ready. Among these, one of the most challenging is the negligible sodium uptake into graphite, which is the keystone of the present LIB technology. Although hard carbon has long been established as one of the best substitutes, its performance remains below that of graphite in LIBs and its sodium storage mechanism is still under debate. Many other carbons have been recently studied, some of which have presented capacities far beyond that of graphite. However, these also tend to exhibit larger voltage and high first cycle loss, leading to limited benefits in terms of full cell specific energy. Overcoming this concerning tradeoff necessitates a deep understanding of the charge storage mechanisms and the correlation between structure, microstructure, and performance. This review aims to address this by drawing a roadmap of the emerging routes to optimization of carbon materials for SIB anodes on the basis of a critical survey of the reported electrochemical performances and charge storage mechanisms.

From Charge Storage Mechanism to Performance: A Roadmap toward High Specific Energy Sodium-Ion Batteries through Carbon Anode Optimization

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have attracted wide attention for their application in the energy storage and conversion field due to their low cost, facile synthesis, and appreciable electrochemical performance. At the present stage, most research on PBAs is focused on their material-level optimization, whereas their properties in practical battery systems are seldom considered. This review aims to first provide an overview of the history and parameters of PBA materials and analyze the fundamental principles toward rational design of PBAs, and then evaluate the prospects and challenges for PBAs for practical sodium-ion batteries, hoping to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial reality. 

Prussian Blue Analogues for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Past, Present, and Future

As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), hard carbon (HC) presents high specific capacity and favorable cycling performance. However, high cost and low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of HC seriously limit its future commercialization for SIBs. A typical biowaste, mangosteen shell was selected as a precursor to prepare low-cost and high-performance HC via a facile one-step carbonization method, and the influence of different heat treatments on the morphologies, microstructures, and electrochemical performances was investigated systematically. The microstructure evolution studied using X-ray diffraction, Raman, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, along with electrochemical measurements, reveals the optimal carbonization condition of the mangosteen shell: HC carbonized at 1500 °C for 2 h delivers the highest reversible capacity of ∼330 mA h g–1 at a current density of 20 mA g–1, a capacity retention of ∼98% after 100 cycles, and an ICE of ∼83%. Addit...

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.7b00259

Low-Cost and High-Performance Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

The F-doped O3-type NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2− x F x ( x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 002 and noted as NFM-F0, NFM-F0.005, NFM-F0.01, NFM-F0.02, respectively, united as NFM-Fs) cathode materials were investigated systematically. The rate performance and capacity retention of the O3-type cathode materials are significantly improved as a function of specific F-doping levels. Optimum performance is achieved in the NFM-F0.01 material having a capacity of ~110 mA h g−1 at a current density of 150 mA g−1 after 70 cycles. The results indicate that the binding energy of oxygen changes as a result of F-doping, and in addition, F-doping results in changes to the stoichiometry of Mn3+/Mn4+, which stabilizes the O3-type layered structure, thus allowing cycling performance to be improved. However, NFM-F0.02, having a higher F-doping level, retains a high capacity retention, although a slight loss is observed. The results suggest there is an optimum F-doping level for the NFM-F system to deliver enhanced cycling performance.

/pdf/f-doped-o3-nani-1-3-fe-1-3-mn-1-3-o-2-as-high-performance-4b9se11te5.pdf

F-doped O3-NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as high-performance cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have shown extensive prospects as alternative rechargeable batteries in large-scale energy storage systems, because of the abundance and low cost of sodium. The development of high-performance cathode and anode materials is a big challenge for SIBs. As is well known, TiNb2O7 (TNO) exhibits a high capacity of ∼250 mAh g–1 with excellent capacity retention as a Li-insertion anode for lithium-ion batteries, but it has rarely been discussed as an anode for SIBs. Here, we demonstrate ball-milled TiNb2O7 (BM-TNO) as an SIB anode, which provides an average voltage of ∼0.6 V and a reversible capacity of ∼180 mAh g–1 at a current density of 15 mA g–1, and presents excellent cyclability with 95% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 500 mA g–1. A possible Na storage mechanism in BM-TNO is also proposed.

Enhancing Sodium-Ion Storage Behaviors in TiNb2O7 by Mechanical Ball Milling

Sodium iron hexacyanoferrate (Fe-HCF) has been proposed as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its desirable advantages, including high theoretical capacity (∼170 mAh g–1), eco-friendliness, and low cost of worldwide rich sodium and iron resources. Nonetheless, its application faces a number of obstacles due to poor electronic conductivity and structural instability. In this work, Fe-HCF nanospheres (NSs) were first synthesized and fabricated by an in situ graphene rolls (GRs) wrapping method, forming a 1D tubular hierarchical structure of Fe-HCF NSs@GRs. GRs not only provide fast electronic conduction path for Fe-HCF NSs but also effectively prevent organic electrolyte from reaching active materials and inhibit the occurrence of side reactions. The Fe-HCF NSs@GRs composite has been used as a binder-free cathode with a capacity of ∼110 mAh g–1 at a current density of 150 mA g–1 (∼1C), the capacity retention of ∼90% after 500 cycles. Moreover, the Fe-HCF NSs@GRs cathode ...

Graphene-Roll-Wrapped Prussian Blue Nanospheres as a High-Performance Binder-Free Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

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Papers

Low-Cost and High-Performance Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

F-doped O3-NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as high-performance cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Enhancing Sodium-Ion Storage Behaviors in TiNb2O7 by Mechanical Ball Milling

Graphene-Roll-Wrapped Prussian Blue Nanospheres as a High-Performance Binder-Free Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.