Exploration of alternative energy storage systems has been more than necessary in view of the supply risks haunting lithium-ion batteries. Among various alternative electrochemical energy storage devices, sodium-ion battery outstands with advantages of cost-effectiveness and comparable energy density with lithium-ion batteries. Thanks to the similar electrochemical mechanism, the research and development of lithium-ion batteries have forged a solid foundation for sodium-ion battery explorations. Advancements in sodium-ion batteries have been witnessed in terms of superior electrochemical performance and broader application scenarios. Here, the strategies adopted to optimize the battery components (cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator, binder, current collector, etc.) and the cost, safety, and commercialization issues in sodium-ion batteries are summarized and discussed. Based on these optimization strategies, assembly of functional (flexible, stretchable, self-healable, and self-chargeable) and integrated sodium-ion batteries (−actuators, −sensors, electrochromic, etc.) have been realized. Despite these achievements, challenges including energy density, scalability, trade-off between energy density and functionality, cost, etc. are to be addressed for sodium-ion battery commercialization. This review aims at providing an overview of the up-to-date achievements in sodium-ion batteries and serves to inspire more efforts in designing upgraded sodium-ion batteries. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eem2.12633

Optimization Strategies Toward Functional Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract Potassium metal is an appealing alternative to lithium as an alkali metal anode for future electrochemical energy storage systems. However, the use of potassium metal is hindered by the growth of unfavourable deposition (e.g., dendrites) and volume changes upon cycling. To circumvent these issues, we propose the synthesis and application of nitrogen and zinc codoped porous carbon nanofibres that act as potassium metal hosts. This carbonaceous porous material enables rapid potassium infusion (e.g., &lt; 1 s cm −2 ) with a high potassium content (e.g., 97 wt. %) and low potassium nucleation overpotential (e.g., 15 mV at 0.5 mA cm −2 ). Experimental and theoretical measurements and analyses demonstrate that the carbon nanofibres induce uniform potassium deposition within its porous network and facilitate a dendrite-free morphology during asymmetric and symmetric cell cycling. Interestingly, when the potassium-infused carbon material is tested as an active negative electrode material in combination with a sulfur-based positive electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution in the coin cell configuration, an average discharge voltage of approximately 1.6 V and a discharge capacity of approximately 470 mA h g −1 after 600 cycles at 500 mA g −1 and 25 °C are achieved. 

/pdf/codoped-porous-carbon-nanofibres-as-a-potassium-metal-host-11l5rm4g.pdf

Codoped porous carbon nanofibres as a potassium metal host for nonaqueous K-ion batteries

The development of cost-effective and reliable metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts has gained significant attention for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) generation through a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction. In this study, a scalable solvent engineering strategy is employed to fabricate oxygen-doped carbon dots (O-CDs) that exhibit excellent performance as electrocatalysts. By adjusting the ratio of ethanol and acetone solvents during the synthesis, the surface electronic structure of the resulting O-CDs can be systematically tuned. The amount of edge active CO group was strongly correlated with the selectivity and activity of the O-CDs. The optimum O-CDs-3 exhibited extraordinary H2 O2 selectivity of up to 96.55% (n = 2.06) at 0.65 V (vs RHE) and achieved a remarkably low Tafel plot of 64.8 mV dec-1 . Furthermore, the realistic H2 O2 productivity yield of flow cell is measured to be as high as 111.18 mg h-1  cm-2 for a duration of 10 h. The findings highlight the potential of universal solvent engineering approach for enabling the development of carbon-based electrocatalytic materials with improved performance. Further studies will be undertaken to explore the practical implications of the findings for advancing the field of carbon-based electrocatalysis.

Solvent Engineering of Oxygen-Enriched Carbon Dots for Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Production.

An environmentally benign, sustainable, and cost-effective supply of H2O2 as a rapidly expanding consumption raw material is highly desired for chemical industries, medical treatment, and household disinfection. The electrocatalytic production route via electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) offers a sustainable avenue for the on-site production of H2O2 from O2 and H2O. The most crucial and innovative part of such technology lies in the availability of suitable electrocatalysts that promote two-electron (2e-) ORR. In recent years, tremendous progress has been achieved in designing efficient, robust, and cost-effective catalyst materials, including noble metals and their alloys, metal-free carbon-based materials, single-atom catalysts, and molecular catalysts. Meanwhile, innovative cell designs have significantly advanced electrochemical applications at the industrial level. This review summarizes fundamental basics and recent advances in H2O2 production via 2e--ORR, including catalyst design, mechanistic explorations, theoretical computations, experimental evaluations, and electrochemical cell designs. Perspectives on addressing remaining challenges are also presented with an emphasis on the large-scale synthesis of H2O2 via the electrochemical route. 

/pdf/strategies-for-sustainable-production-of-hydrogen-peroxide-1mzzpknn.pdf

Strategies for Sustainable Production of Hydrogen Peroxide via Oxygen Reduction Reaction: From Catalyst Design to Device Setup

Photocatalysis‐self‐Fenton system (PSFs), which integrates photocatalysis with Fenton technology, is investigated thoroughly in wastewater treatment due to the virtues of no addition of H2O2 and accelerated circulation of Fe2+/Fe3+. Several kinds of materials that mainly include metal‐free graphite carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), metal oxides (Fe3O4), and metal sulfide (CdS, FeS2) have demonstrated extensive development potential. Nevertheless, most of the developed catalysts are unable to satisfy the requirements of PSFs. Therefore, a comprehensive review committed to the materials and modification methods in PSFs is put forward. First, the concrete mechanism of PSFs from two aspects of photocatalysis and Fenton reaction is discussed. Second, the properties, modifications (morphology modulation, heterojunction construction as well as doping), and applications (contaminants degradation and disinfection) of the promising catalysts are emphasized. Finally, the novel directions for future research in PSFs are looked forward to. This review opens up a new horizon for enhancing the practical application of PSFs in future.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/sstr.202200371

Promising Materials for Photocatalysis‐Self‐Fenton System: Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Sodium‐metal batteries (SMBs) are considered as a compliment to lithium‐metal batteries for next‐generation high‐energy batteries because of their low cost and the abundance of sodium (Na). Herein, a 3D nanostructured porous carbon particle containing carbon‐shell‐coated Fe nanoparticles (PC‐CFe) is employed as a highly reversible Na‐metal host. PC‐CFe has a unique 3D hierarchy based on sub‐micrometer‐sized carbon particles, ordered open channels, and evenly distributed carbon‐coated Fe nanoparticles (CFe) on the surface. PC‐CFe achieves high reversibility of Na plating/stripping processes over 500 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% at 10 mA cm–2 with 10 mAh cm–2 in Na//Cu asymmetric cells, as well as over 14 400 cycles at 60 mA cm–2 in Na//Na symmetric cells. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the superior cycling performance of PC‐CFe stems from the stronger adsorption of Na on the surface of the CFe, providing initial nucleation sites more favorable to Na deposition. Moreover, the full cell with a PC‐CFe host without Na metal and a high‐loading Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode (10 mg cm–2) maintains a high capacity of 103 mAh g–1 at 1 mA cm–2 even after 100 cycles, demonstrating the operation of anode‐free SMBs.

A 3D Hierarchical Host with Enhanced Sodiophilicity Enabling Anode‐Free Sodium‐Metal Batteries

Metal-free carbon materials have emerged as cost-effective and high-performance catalysts for the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Here, we show that 3D crumpled...

Structure-Controlled Graphene Electrocatalysts for High-Performance H2O2 Production

Solid‐state lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) have been developed as a promising replacement for conventional Li‐ion batteries due to their potential for higher energy. However, the current solid‐state electrolytes used in LMBs have limitations regarding mechanical and electrochemical properties and interfacial stability. Here, a fluorine (F)‐containing solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) having a bi‐continuous structure of F‐containing elastomers and plastic crystals is reported. The trifluoroethyl acrylate‐based SPE (T‐SPE) exhibits high ionic conductivity over 10−3 S cm−1, superior mechanical elasticity, and robust LiF‐rich interphases at both the Li metal anode and the LiNi0.83Mn0.06Co0.11O2 cathode. Full cells with thin T‐SPEs and low negative/positive capacity ratios below 0.5 at the high‐operating voltage of 4.5 V demonstrate a high specific energy of 538 Wh kganode+cathode+electrolyte−1 and maintain 393 Wh kg−1 at a high specific power of 804 W kganode+cathode+electrolyte−1. The F‐containing phase‐separated SPE system provides a powerful strategy for achieving high‐energy and ‐power solid‐state LMBs.

Fluorine‐Containing Phase‐Separated Polymer Electrolytes Enabling High‐Energy Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

The significant performance decay in conventional graphite anodes under low‐temperature conditions is attributed to the slow diffusion of alkali metal ions, requiring new strategies to enhance the charge storage kinetics at low temperatures. Here, nitrogen (N)‐doped defective crumpled graphene (NCG) is employed as a promising anode to enable stable low‐temperature operation of alkali metal‐ion storage by exploiting the surface‐controlled charge storage mechanisms. At a low temperature of −40 °C, the NCG anodes maintain high capacities of ≈172 mAh g−1 for lithium (Li)‐ion, ≈107 mAh g−1 for sodium (Na)‐ion, and ≈118 mAh g−1 for potassium (K)‐ion at 0.01 A g−1 with outstanding rate‐capability and cycling stability. A combination of density functional theory (DFT) and electrochemical analysis further reveals the role of the N‐functional groups and defect sites in improving the utilization of the surface‐controlled charge storage mechanisms. In addition, the full cell with the NCG anode and a LiFePO4 cathode shows a high capacity of ≈73 mAh g−1 at 0.5 °C even at −40 °C. The results highlight the importance of utilizing the surface‐controlled charge storage mechanisms with controlled defect structures and functional groups on the carbon surface to improve the charge storage performance of alkali metal‐ion under low‐temperature conditions.

Controlled Nitrogen Doping in Crumpled Graphene for Improved Alkali Metal‐Ion Storage under Low‐Temperature Conditions

ZnO‐Embedded Expanded Graphite Composite Anodes with Controlled Charge Storage Mechanism Enabling Operation of Lithium‐Ion Batteries at Ultra‐Low Temperatures

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