Pufferfish is a traditional, delicious dish in Asia. However, eating wild or improperly processed pufferfish causes serious poisoning. This study aimed to exploit the high-resolution melting (HRM) method for authenticating four species of Takifugu pufferfish (Takifugu xanthopterus, T. fasciatus, T. flavidus, and T. rubripes). Candidate DNA barcodes, including the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome oxidase b (Cytb), and the control region (D-loop), were analyzed, with COI selected as the optimal DNA barcode. An HRM method was developed to identify 57 commercial fish samples in China, including 33 commercial pufferfish products and 24 unlabeled fish products. The findings revealed that the pufferfish products were T. rubripes or T. fasciatus, and four T. xanthopterus samples were detected in unlabeled fish products. These results showed that DNA barcode coupled with HRM analysis was a rapid and efficient tool to identify pufferfish, which might aid in the prevention of consumer fraud or mislabeling of fish products.

High-Resolution Melting Analysis of COI Sequences Distinguishes Pufferfish Species (Takifugu spp.) in China.

Schizothorax plagiostomus commonly known as snow-trout is a popular food fish found in parts of central Asia and Indo-Himalayan region. Despite such broad range of distribution and potential financial value it is a highly neglected cold-water ichthyofauna. Furthermore, an alarming drop in Schizothoracine population has been reported in recent past due to climate change and uncontrolled anthropogenic interference. In this study, the seasonal variations of ovarian architecture and development were examined in adult S. plagiostomus from Garhwal Himalayan region, Uttarakhand, India. Ovarian-somatic index ranged from 16.86±0.29 to 0.31±0.56, with maximal value in September and minimal in April. Ovarian histology revealed the abundance of primary growth oocytes in resting and preparatory stage; primary/secondary vitellogenic oocytes with numerous cortical alveoli were predominant in developing stage of pre-spawning ovaries; secondary/tertiary vitellogenic oocytes were conspicuous in actively spawning ovaries; and atretic follicles/oocytes were discernible during regressing stage of spent ovaries. Scanning electron microscopy of mature ova (mean diameter 2.003±0.01mm) prominently showed the structure micropyle (mean diameter 12.93±3.38μm). Fecundity analyses suggested that September was the principal breeding season, whereas residual spawning occurred with fresh rain in late winter during February-March. Collectively, this is the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative report of the seasonal variations in the ovarian development and function for S. plagiostomus. This data may provide valuable information towards the captive breeding programme as well as conservation and management for Schizothoracine fishes in normal and altered climatic conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A study on the seasonal cyclicity of ovarian development in adult Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax plagiostomus.

Dermatophagoides farinae (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae) occurs in both homes and storage environments. The species produces biochemically diverse allergens that cause allergic reactions and seriously endanger human health. Habitat diversity can lead to divergent adaptive selection and reduced gene flow, thereby increasing genetic drift; both factors contribute to genetic differentiation. However, there is a lack of research concerning the genetic diversity and differentiation of D. farinae in different habitats. In this study, the genetic diversity and differentiation of D. farinae populations in different habitats were studied using the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Both pillow cores (ZX) and dormitory (SS) habitats had higher haplotype diversity than the flour mill (MF) habitat. The reasons for this phenomenon are likely to be food availability as well as differences in temperature and humidity among habitats. There was significant genetic differentiation (Fst > 0.05, P < 0.05) between the ZX and MF and between the MF and SS habitats, but there was no significant genetic differentiation between the ZX and SS habitats (Fst < 0.05, P > 0.05) based on both Cytb and COI genes, reflecting the difference between mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The low level of gene flow observed for ZX-MF and MF-SS and the gene flow between the ZX and SS habitats supported the above results. A haplotype network and a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree showed that individuals from the ZX and SS habitats occurred in two clades without a clear distribution boundary, indicating that the genetic structure was not correlated with the habitat distribution. This research is the first genetic analysis of D. farinae in different habitats. The study can improve our understanding of the population genetics of D. farinae in different habitats and aid in the development of more effective management strategies. 

Genetic diversity and differentiation of Dermatophagoides farinae (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae) populations in different habitats

Resolving the phylogenetic relationship of Himalayan snow trout Schizothorax plagiostomus with other species of Schizothoracine using mitochondrial CO-I and Cyt b genes

Genomic analysis and phylogenetic characterization of Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax esocinus based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes.

The genus Schizothorax is one of the most diverse groups of schizothoracine fish. Many species within this genus possess highly similar morphological characters and are very difficult to be identified accurately only based on morphology. The present study aims to test the effectiveness of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and cytochrome b (Cytb) gene for discriminating the Schizothorax fish. A total of 185 individuals of 11 species for COI gene and 264 individuals of 23 species for Cytb gene were used for analyzing, respectively. According to the genetic distances, only one species based on COI gene and five species based on Cytb gene had "barcoding gaps," respectively. The tree-based analysis displayed that four species based on COI gene and six species based on Cytb gene clustered monophyletic group with strong support, respectively. The optimal threshold value of Schizothorax is 0.005 based on COI gene and 0.008 based on Cytb gene. The results of genetic similarity tests performed through online BLAST showed that 108 of 185 similarity searches succeeded in identifying conspecific sequences based on COI gene and 199 of 264 succeeded in identifying conspecific sequences based on Cytb gene. Considering greater interspecific genetic distance in Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) analysis and many clades with higher supporting values in tree-based analysis, we suggest that Cytb gene has better resolution in discrimination of Schizothorax species than COI gene. However, there are still many confused clustering relationships based on molecular data currently available. Incomplete lineage sorting, the existence of possible cryptic species and problematic morphological identification, etc. might have greatly weakened the resolution of Cytb gene in discrimination of Schizothorax species.

Better Resolution for Cytochrome b than Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I to Identify Schizothorax Species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Tibetan Plateau and Its Adjacent Area.

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Better Resolution for Cytochrome b than Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I to Identify Schizothorax Species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Tibetan Plateau and Its Adjacent Area.