Emerging trends of nanotechnology in advanced cosmetics.

A novel drug delivery system is a new approach that utilizes new technologies, innovative ideas, and methodologies to deliver the active molecules in safe yet effective concentration to produce desired pharmacological action. The novel drug delivery system can also maintain the plasma drug concentration in a controlled manner to achieve the desired effect for a longer time. Therefore, as compared to the conventional dosage form, it increases the drug performance in terms of safety, efficacy, and patient compliance. Nowadays, due to advancements in technology, the existing molecules (which have toxicity profiles) get new lives when delivered in liposomes, nanoparticles, niosomes, phytosomes, etc. to make them more specific to the target site. 

Novel drug delivery system

Transdermal drug delivery aims to create a safe and effective method of administering drugs through the skin that attracts a lot of attention and investment due to the constant progress in the field. Transferosomes are flexible or malleable vesicles (having almost the same structure as liposomes but with better skin penetration properties) discovered initially in the early 90s. The name transferosomes, which means “carrying bodies,” is coined from the Latin phrase “Transferee,” which means “to carry through,” and the Greek term “soma,” meaning “body.” In comparison to typical herbal extracts, phytosomes (Transferosomes) are created by attaching specific herbal extracts to phosphatidylcholine, resulting in a formulation with increased solubility and, hence, better absorption, resulting in improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of the entrapped drugs. We are using the word phytosomes and transferosomes interchangeably as we have consolidated vesicular delivery of herbal drugs through skin. In this mini-review, we have demonstrated the enormous potential of developing nanotechnology to deliver bioactive phytochemicals, with a special emphasis on phytosomes (Transferosomes) as a unique lipid-based nanocarrier for transdermal drug delivery.

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Phytochemical Delivery Through Transferosome (Phytosome): An Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery for Complementary Medicines

Fungal keratitis, an ocular fungal infection, is one of the leading causes of monocular blindness. Natamycin has long been considered the mainstay drug used for treating fungal keratitis and is the only US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved drug, commercially available as a topical 5% w/v suspension. Furthermore, ocular fungal infection treatment takes a few weeks to months to recover, and the available marketed antifungal suspensions are associated with poor residence time, limited bioavailability (< 5%) and high dosing frequency as well as minor irritation and discomfort. Despite these challenges, natamycin is still the preferred drug choice for treating fungal keratitis, as it has fewer side effects and less ocular toxicity and is more effective against Fusarium species than other antifungal agents. Several novel therapeutic approaches for the topical delivery of natamycin have been reported to overcome the challenges posed by the conventional dosage forms and to improve ocular bioavailability for the efficient management of fungal keratitis. Current progress in the delivery systems uses approaches aimed at improving the corneal residence time, bioavailability and antifungal potency, thereby reducing the dose and dosing frequency of natamycin. In this review, we discuss the various strategies explored to overcome the challenges present in ocular drug delivery of natamycin and improve its bioavailability for ocular therapeutics. 

/pdf/natamycin-ocular-delivery-challenges-and-advancements-in-1fgts7s1.pdf

Natamycin Ocular Delivery: Challenges and Advancements in Ocular Therapeutics

Objective: The main objective of the present study was to formulate, optimize, and evaluate naproxen transfersomal gels.
Methods: Reverse phase evaporation was used to create thirteen different formulations of naproxen-loaded transfersomes. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Designs (CCD), the influence of independent process variables, such as soy lecithin, cholesterol content and surfactant concentration, on dependent variables, such as entrapment effectiveness and vesicle size of naproxen transfersomes, was assessed. In vitro, ex-vivo, and in vivo drug release of formulations were also studied.
Results: It was discovered that the NTG7 formulation of transfersomes had the maximum entrapment effectiveness and ideal vesicle diameter. The optimized NTG7 formulation displayed a maximum drug content of 97.4% and a maximum drug release of 88.03%. The release of naproxen from the final gel adhered to the Korsmeyer-Peppas release model. The ex-vivo drug release of the optimized formulation was found to be 85.91% for 24 h. The maximum drug concentration after oral administration was 843.54±7.67ng/ml, and Tmax was 3.0±0.08h. The improved formulation's AUC0-∞ was greater than the commercial formulation's. A higher drug concentration in the blood compared to the marketed formulation suggested better systemic absorption of naproxen from the gel formulation. After three months, at a temperature range of 2 to 8 °C, the formulation demonstrated correct semisolid consistency and good stability and there was also no appreciable change in the initial values of appearance, pH, and % drug content.
Conclusion: The above findings imply that the gel created using naproxen-loaded transfersomes may be a potentially valuable new formulation.

pdf/design-and-in-vivo-evaluation-of-naproxen-loaded-37k1nxohno.pdf

Design and in vivo evaluation of naproxen-loaded transferosomal gel for transdermal delivery

The utilization of vesicular carriers has recently emerged as a promising strategy to reduce the hindrance associated with the stratum corneum. Transferosomes are also recognized as ultradeformable lipids and elastic liposomes attract tremendous attention toward dermal delivery. They are predominantly used to treat various incidences of chronic skin disorders and also convenient for targeted as well as controlled delivery to manage patient compliance. These self-assembled nanocarriers are capable of molding themselves according to the pore size of the stratum corneum. Transferosomes may consist of edge activators (specialized surfactants), phospholipids, buffering agent, etc. The effect of edge activators and their concentration confers a desirable elasticity to assembled vesicles. Elastic liposomes are capable of optimizing the solubilization of the drug, effective drug loading capability, and permeability of therapeutic molecules. Transferosomes as nanocarriers exhibit advanced reflections and a versatile platform for successful transdermal applications. These unique nanocarriers also exhibit superior elasticity as well as penetration performance. These systems are considered secure with efficient delivery strategies for pharmaceutically as well as cosmeceutically active chemical moieties. Recent scientific observations indicating the importance of ultradeformable liposomes have shown reproducible and efficient permeation of active drugs. This manuscript covers the current research advancements along with informative reports addressing the important issues and usefulness of prospective transferosomes with a better bioavailability profile.

/pdf/transferosomes-unique-vesicular-carriers-for-effective-5ei39tpaez.pdf

Transferosomes: Unique vesicular carriers for effective transdermal delivery

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Transferosomes: Unique vesicular carriers for effective transdermal delivery