A review of lithium ion battery failure mechanisms and fire prevention strategies

The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high mass-specific capacities, high rate capabilities and long-term cyclabilities is driving the research and development of LIBs with nickel-rich NMC (LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2, $$x \geqslant 0.5$$) cathodes and graphite (LixC6) anodes. Based on this, this review will summarize recently reported and widely recognized studies of the degradation mechanisms of Ni-rich NMC cathodes and graphite anodes. And with a broad collection of proposed mechanisms on both atomic and micrometer scales, this review can supplement previous degradation studies of Ni-rich NMC batteries. In addition, this review will categorize advanced mitigation strategies for both electrodes based on different modifications in which Ni-rich NMC cathode improvement strategies involve dopants, gradient layers, surface coatings, carbon matrixes and advanced synthesis methods, whereas graphite anode improvement strategies involve surface coatings, charge/discharge protocols and electrolyte volume estimations. Electrolyte components that can facilitate the stabilization of anodic solid electrolyte interfaces are also reviewed, and trade-offs between modification techniques as well as controversies are discussed for a deeper understanding of the mitigation strategies of Ni-rich NMC/graphite LIBs. Furthermore, this review will present various physical and electrochemical diagnostic tools that are vital in the elucidation of degradation mechanisms during operation to supplement future degradation studies. Finally, this review will summarize current research focuses and propose future research directions. The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high mass specific capacities, high rate capabilities and longterm cyclabilities is driving the research and development of LIBs with nickel-rich NMC (LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2, x ≥ 0.5) cathodes and graphite (LixC6) anodes. Based on this, this review will summarize recently reported and widely recognized studies of the degradation mechanisms of Ni-rich NMC cathodes and graphite anodes. And with a broad collection of proposed mechanisms on both atomic and micrometer scales, this review can supplement previous degradation studies of Ni-rich NMC batteries. In addition, this review will categorize advanced mitigation strategies for both electrodes based on different modifications in which Ni-rich NMC cathode improvement strategies involve dopants, gradient layers, surface coatings, carbon matrixes and advanced synthesis methods, whereas graphite anode improvement strategies involve surface coatings, charge/discharge protocols and electrolyte volume estimations. Electrolyte components that can facilitate the stabilization of anodic solid-electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) are also reviewed and tradeoffs between modification techniques as well as controversies are discussed for a deeper understanding of the mitigation strategies of Ni-rich NMC/graphite LIBs. Furthermore, this review will present various physical and electrochemical diagnostic tools that are vital in the elucidation of degradation mechanisms during operation to supplement future degradation studies. Finally, this review will summarize current research focuses and propose future research directions.

/pdf/degradation-mechanisms-and-mitigation-strategies-of-nickel-3yhjuzydb4.pdf

Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Nickel-Rich NMC-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries

Designing principle for Ni-rich cathode materials with high energy density for practical applications

Controllable Cathode–Electrolyte Interface of Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 for Lithium Ion Batteries: A Review

Ni-rich materials of layered structure LiNixCoyMnzO2, x > 0.5, are promising candidates as cathodes in high-energy-density Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles. The structural and cycling stability of Ni-rich cathodes can be remarkably improved by doping with a small amount of extrinsic multivalent cations. In this study, we examine development of a fast screening methodology for doping LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 with cations Mg2+, Al3+, Si4+, Ti4+, Zr4+, and Ta5+ by a “top-down” approach. The cathode material is coated by a precursor layer that contains the dopant, which then is introduced into the particles by diffusion during heat treatment at elevated temperatures. The methodology described herein can be applied to Ni-rich cathode materials and allows relatively easy and prompt identification of the most promising dopants. Then further optimization work can lead to development of high-capacity stable cathode materials. The present study marks Ta5+ cations as very promising dopants for Ni-rich NCM cathodes.

Structural and Electrochemical Aspects of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode Materials Doped by Various Cations

Improving the cycling performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 by surface coating with Li2TiO3

The invention provides a preparation method of a silicon/carbon multi-component composite negative electrode material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a carboxyl carbon nano-tube by using acid and a carbon nano-tube, or preparing an aminated carbon nano-tube by using the carboxyl carbon nano-tube; (2) oxidizing the surface of nanometer silicon so as to generate a layer of silicon oxide, or aminating slightly oxidized nanometer silicon by using ammonia-containing organosilane under the condition of heating reflux; (3) adding the carboxyl carbon nano-tube and the aminated nanometer silicon, or the carboxyl carbon nano-tube and the slightly oxidized nanometer silicon to an organic carbon source-containing solvent, dispersing and carrying out spray drying-pyrolysis; (4) mixing a material obtained in the step (3) with asphalt, and sequentially carrying out low-temperature, constant temperature and high-temperature heat treatments, thus obtaining a secondary silicon-carbon nano-tube/amorphous carbon composite negative electrode material; and (5) carrying out airflow crushing, grading, adding to the organic carbon source-containing solvent, carrying out spray drying-pyrolysis or spray pyrolysis, and carrying out high-temperature treatment, thus obtaining the silicon/carbon multi-component composite negative electrode material. The silicon/carbon multi-component composite negative electrode material prepared by the method has the advantages of large reversible capacity, designable capacity, good cycle performance, high tap density and the like.

Preparation method of silicon/carbon multi-component composite negative electrode material

A compact process to prepare LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode material from nickel-copper sulfide ore

Self-assembly of porous-graphite/silicon/carbon composites for lithium-ion batteries

Herein, a novel hierarchical precursor of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1Ox@Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 is proposed for the first time, which was synthesized by densely integrating co-precipitated Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 nanoflakes onto spray-pyrolyzed Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1Ox microspheres. The co-precipitated hydroxide layer can prevent the Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1Ox microspheres from fragmenting during the sintering process, thus yielding uniform LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 spheres with a hollow interior morphology. Strikingly, the obtained spherical LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode exhibits improved tap density and initial coulombic efficiency, as well as excellent cycling stability and superior rate capability. Discharge capacities of 169 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 1C (180 mA g−1) of between 2.8 and 4.3 V are consistently obtained, corresponding to 90.5% capacity retention. Significantly, it is strongly envisioned that this novel hierarchical structure design concept holds great promise for the architectural construction of other energy storage materials.

/pdf/a-novel-hierarchical-precursor-of-densely-integrated-2wgflj11a7.pdf

A novel hierarchical precursor of densely integrated hydroxide nanoflakes on oxide microspheres toward high-performance layered Ni-rich cathode for lithium ion batteries

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