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Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis Modeling Change And Event Occurrence

I. INTRODUCTION TO EVALUATION. 1. Evaluation's Basic Purpose, Uses, and Conceptual Distinctions. 2. Origins of Modern Program Evaluation. 3. Recent Developments and Trends in Evaluation. II. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO PROGRAM EVALUATION. 4. Alternative Views of Evaluation. 5. Objectives-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 6. Management-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 7. Consumer-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 8. Expertise-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 9. Adversary-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 10. Participant-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 11. Alternative Evaluation Approaches: A Summary and Comparative Analysis. III. PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING EVALUATION. 12. Clarifying the Evaluation Request and Responsibilities. 13. Setting Boundaries and Analyzing the Evaluation Context. 14. Identifying and Selecting the Evaluative Questions and Criteria. 15. Planning How to Conduct the Evaluation. IV. PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING AND USING EVALUATIONS. 16. Dealing with Political, Ethical, and Interpersonal Aspects of Evaluation. 17. Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Quantitative Information. 18. Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Qualitative Information. 19. Reporting and Using Evaluation Information. 20. Evaluating Evaluations. V. EMERGING AND FUTURE SETTINGS FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION. 21. Conducting Multiple-Site Evaluation Studies. 22. Conducting Evaluations of Organizations Renewal and Training in Corporate and Nonprofit Settings. 23. The Future of Evaluation. Appendix: Some General Areas of Competence Important in Education Evaluation.

http://platform.almanhal.com/Files/?ID=T2-41793-MLA0011322.pdf

تقويم البرنامج : طرق بديلة و إرشادات عملية = Program evaluation Alternative Approaches and Practical Guidelines

Background
Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SB) is a widely used herbal medicine in China, with various pharmacological effects such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer. This work is aimed to investigate the tumor-suppressive effect of SB in cervical cancer (CC) and to identify its underlying mechanisms.


Methods and materials
CC cell lines (HeLa and HT-3) were treated with different concentrations of SB chloroform extract (ECSB) (0, 0.2, 0.5 mg/ml). MiR-195-5p and LOXL2 mRNA expression in CC cell lines and tissue samples was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell counting kit-8 experiment was utilized to examine cell viability; TUNEL assay and Transwell experiment was executed to examine cell apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Western blotting experiments were implemented to detect LOXL2 protein expression. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment were executed to examine the binding relationship between miR-195-5p and LOXL2.


Results
ECSB repressed the viability, migration, and invasion of HeLa and HT-3 cells, and promoted cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. MiR-195-5p was remarkably under-expressed in CC tissues and cells, and ECSB up-regulated miR-195-5p expression. MiR-195-5p inhibitors partially counteracted the suppressive effects of ECSB on the malignant phenotypes of HeLa and HT-3 cells. LOXL2 was a downstream target of miR-195-5p, and ECSB up-modulated LOXL2 expression by specifically repressing miR-195-5p.


Conclusion
SB restrains CC cell proliferation and metastasis and promotes cell apoptosis via miR-195-5p/LOXL2, which may be a potential therapeutic agent for CC treatment.

Scutellaria barbata D. Don inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via miR-195-5p/LOXL2 axis.

Objective Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is an active ingredient of Wenyang Tongluo capsule. This study was performed to investigate the function of CA on human chondrocytes. Design Different doses of CA were used to treat C28/I2 cells, which were stimulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and then the viability and apoptosis of the cells were examined by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-20 (IL-20), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure miR-1285-5p, miR-140-5p, IL-20, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Western blot assay was performed to detect IL-20, HMGB1, IKBα, phospho-IKBα, IKKα/β, and phospho-IKKα/β expression. Moreover, the relationships between miR-1285-5p and IL-20, as well as miR-140-5p and HMGB1, were validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results CA promoted the viability and inhibited the apoptosis of C28/I2 cells stimulated by IL-1β and repressed IL-6, IL-20, and TNF-α levels. CA increased miR-1285-5p and miR-140-5p expression levels. MiR-1285-5p and miR-140-5p promoted the viability and inhibited the apoptosis and inflammation of C28/I2 cells. IL-20 was a target gene of miR-1285-5p, and HMGB1 was a target gene of miR-140-5p. Overexpression of IL-20 or HMGB1 could reverse the effect of CA on C28/I2 cells treated with IL-1β. In addition, HMGB1 increased phospho-IKBα and phospho-IKKα/β expression in IL-1β- and CA-treated C28/I2 cells. Conclusions CA protects chondrocytes via regulating miR-1285-5p/IL-20 axis and miR-140-5p/HMGB1/nuclear factor kappa B pathway.

https://doi.org/10.1177/19476035221114858

Cinnamaldehyde Induces the Expression of MicroRNA-1285-5p and MicroRNA-140-5p in Chondrocytes to Ameliorate the Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response

Morinda officinalis polysaccharide (MOP) is the bioactive ingredient extracted from the root of Morinda officinalis, and Morinda officinalis is applied to treat osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of MOP on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and the underlying mechanism. HBMSCs were isolated from bone marrow samples of patients with osteoporosis and treated with MOP. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was adopted to quantify the expression of microRNA-210-3p (miR-210-3p) and scavenger receptor class A member 3 (SCARA3) mRNA. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was employed to detect cell viability; Terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl Transferase Mediated Nick End Labeling assay and flow cytometry were adopted to detect apoptosis; Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity assay kit was applied to detect ALP activity; Western blot was executed to quantify the expression levels of SCARA3, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation markers. Ovariectomized rats were treated with MOP. Bone mineral density (BMD), serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) and N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) levels were assessed by BMD detector and ELISA kits. It was revealed that, MOP could promote hBMSCs' viability and osteogenic differentiation, and inhibit apoptosis and adipogenic differentiation. MOP could also up-regulate SCARA3 expression through repressing miR-210-3p expression. Treatment with MOP increased the BMD, and decreased the TRACP 5b and NTx levels in ovariectomized rats. MOP may boost the osteogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by miR-210-3p/SCARA3 axis.

EXPRESS: Morinda officinalis polysaccharide promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via microRNA-210-3p / scavenger receptor class A member 3.

This evaluation utilized propensity score matching methods and a longitudinal hierarchical linear growth model to determine the effect of residential energy efficiency upgrade(s) on household electricity use for the low-income community over the course of a year in the City and County of Denver, Colorado. Propensity score analysis with risk set matching was performed at each month under analysis applying nearest neighbor and nearest neighbor with caliper approaches by balancing covariates across the treatment and control groups. Following the completion of propensity score analysis, the data were aggregated to form a data set that was used in a hierarchical linear growth model. A hierarchical linear growth model was used to examine mean differences in electricity use between the treatment groups after controlling for a set of covariates. Results indicated that electricity consumption was best predicted with the propensity score matched subsample. Conditional growth models produced a statistically nonsignificant difference in electricity use following residential energy efficiency upgrade(s) after controlling for variables such as sex, age, primary heating fuel, square footage of household, water heater fuel type, number of household members, type of household, status of home ownership, disability status, race, unworked income, and method of payment. None of the covariates were statistically significant in predicting electricity consumption for the subsample. As a final stage of analysis, another iii longitudinal hierarchical linear model was used with the entire data set, both matched and unmatched cases, to compare the results across the two data sets. The results for this model indicated a statistically significant effect of treatment with number of household members, type of dwelling, and unworked income serving as statistically significant predictors of electricity use. Since a subsample based on propensity score analysis was to simulate a randomized control trial, which is considered the gold standard in experimental research, and it is more difficult to obtain statistically significant results with a smaller sample, the results from this subsample take precedence over the results obtained from the entire sample. This evaluation contributes to the fields of energy efficiency and evaluation practice through the application of propensity score matching algorithms to monthly longitudinal data to be able to accurately isolate the effect of treatment on the outcome. The results from the propensity score-based sample highlight the need to utilize techniques, such as propensity score matching to control for confounding variables in a quasi-experimental study. This evaluation demonstrates that in the absence of these types of selection techniques, results could be biased. Finally, the results have informed the direction of future research and focus areas at the local level for analyzing energy efficiency programs for a low-income population.

/pdf/analyzing-electricity-use-of-low-income-weatherization-fff6pchoji.pdf

Analyzing Electricity Use of Low Income Weatherization Program Participants Using Propensity Score Analysis and a Hierarchical Linear Growth Model

Introduction: Dollar stores offer access to medications. Reports of adulteration and violations of good manufacturing practice (GMP) of the medications sold at these stores raise concern. Additionally, medications may be used inappropriately for self-treatment, resulting in suboptimal care and safety concerns. Is the cost of one-dollar medications truly a cost saving for consumers?
Methods: This was a cross-sectional evaluation of medications sold in dollar stores. Medications were reviewed from December 2018 through July 2021. Researchers evaluated price comparisons of medications sold in dollar stores in comparison to those sold in pharmacies, assessed the quantity of the medication products from the manufacturer that had committed violations of GMP, and conducted a qualitative analysis of the safety of the medications for self- treatment with respect to current guidelines. Mann-Whitney U price analysis was performed between dollar store products and generic pharmacy products.
Results: The cost per unit of pain medication was significantly higher for purchases at dollar stores (Mdn = 0.045) in comparison to generic pain medications sold in pharmacies (Mdn = 0.030), W = 251.5,  p = 0.013. There was no statistical difference in the costs of all other medications. The majority of the medications (59%) were from the manufacturer that had committed violations of GMP. Only second-line treatment options were available, providing suboptimal treatments and increased risks for adverse effects and poorer control of symptoms.
Conclusion: Consumers are not attaining a cost benefit when purchasing dollar store medications. Medications sold in settings in which a healthcare professional is not accessible should be limited to acute use dosing in place of packaging for chronic use. Additionally, further research is needed to determine if the violations determined for medications sold at the dollar store have been remedied.

/pdf/one-dollar-medications-evaluating-the-true-cost-1b4d9ddj.pdf

One-dollar medications: evaluating the true cost

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Analyzing Electricity Use of Low Income Weatherization Program Participants Using Propensity Score Analysis and a Hierarchical Linear Growth Model

One-dollar medications: evaluating the true cost