KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)〔和文〕 (特集 ゲノム医学の現在と未来--基礎と臨床) -- (データベース)

Exercise is important in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors that raises morbidity. Metabolomics can facilitate the optimization of exercise prescription. This study aimed to investigate whether the response of the human urinary metabolic fingerprint to exercise depends on the presence of MetS or exercise mode. Twenty-three sedentary men (MetS, n = 9, and Healthy, n = 14) completed four trials: resting, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME), and resistance exercise (RE). Urine samples were collected pre-exercise and at 2, 4, and 24 h for targeted analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Time exerted the strongest differentiating effect, followed by exercise mode and health status. The greatest changes were observed in the first post-exercise samples, with a gradual return to baseline at 24 h. RE caused the greatest responses overall, followed by HIIE, while CME had minimal effect. The metabolic fingerprints of the two groups were separated at 2 h, after HIIE and RE; and at 4 h, after HIIE, with evidence of blunted response to exercise in MetS. Our findings show diverse responses of the urinary metabolic fingerprint to different exercise modes in men with and without metabolic syndrome.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/7/1/5/pdf/1

Effects of Different Exercise Modes on the Urinary Metabolic Fingerprint of Men with and without Metabolic Syndrome

The relationship of fasting hyperglycemia to changes in fat and muscle mass after exercise training in type 2 diabetes

Purpose:Insulin sensitivity changes in response to exercise training demonstrate a large variation. Vascular endothelial growth factor A could promote increased insulin sensitivity through angiogen...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1479164116651391

Improvement of insulin sensitivity in response to exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor A expression

Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is a key feature of the pre-diabetic state, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and also predicts type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. To explore these mechanisms, we related global skeletal muscle gene expression profiling of 38 non-diabetic men to a surrogate measure of insulin sensitivity, i.e. homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We identified 70 genes positively and 110 genes inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle, identifying autophagy-related genes as positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Replication in an independent study of 9 non-diabetic men resulted in 10 overlapping genes that strongly correlated with insulin sensitivity, including SIRT2, involved in lipid metabolism, and FBXW5 that regulates mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) and autophagy. The expressions of SIRT2 and FBXW5 were also positively correlated with the expression of key genes promoting the phenotype of an insulin sensitive myocyte e.g. PPARGC1A. The muscle expression of 180 genes were correlated with insulin sensitivity. These data suggest that activation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, e.g. SIRT2, and genes regulating autophagy and mTOR signaling, e.g. FBXW5, are associated with increased insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle, reflecting a highly flexible nutrient sensing.

/pdf/relationship-between-insulin-sensitivity-and-gene-expression-43si4yrgug.pdf

Relationship between insulin sensitivity and gene expression in human skeletal muscle

Healthy first-degree relatives with heredity of type 2 diabetes (FH+) are known to have metabolic inflexibility when compared to subjects without heredity for diabetes (FH-). In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that FH+ individuals have an impaired response to exercise compared to FH-. 16 FH+ and 19 FH- insulin sensitive men similar in age, VO2peak and BMI completed an exercise intervention with heart rate monitoration during exercise for 7 months. Before and after the exercise intervention, the participants underwent a physical examination, tests for glucose tolerance and exercise capacity and muscle biopsies were taken for expression analysis. The participants attended on average 39 training sessions during the intervention and spent 18.8 MJ on exercise. VO2peak/kg increased by 14% and the participants lost 1.2 kg of weight and 3 cm waist circumference. Given that the FH+ group expended 61% more energy during the intervention, we used regression analysis to analyze the response in the FH+ and FH- groups separately. Exercise volume had a significant effect on VO2peak, weight and waist circumference in the FH- group, but not in the FH+ group. After exercise, expression of genes involved in metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration increased more in the FH-, compared to the FH+ group. This suggests that healthy, insulin sensitive FH+ and FH- participants with similar age, VO2peak and BMI may respond differently to an exercise intervention. The FH+ background might limit muscle adaptation to exercise, which may contribute to the increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in FH+ individuals.

Less pronounced response to exercise in healthy relatives to type 2 diabetic subjects compared with controls

The hormone-sensitive lipase C-60G gene polymorphism is associated with abdominal obesity

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Less pronounced response to exercise in healthy relatives to type 2 diabetic subjects compared with controls

The hormone-sensitive lipase C-60G gene polymorphism is associated with abdominal obesity