
 New domains of military conflict, such as space and cyber, arguably increase opportunities for conflict across, as well as within, domains. Cross-domain conflict is thus seen by many as an emerging source of international instability. Yet, existing systematic empirical research has little to say about how domains interact. This study introduces a new dataset of the domains in which nations took military action during 412 international crises between 1918 and 2015. Analysis of these data yields several surprises. Far from being rare, cross-domain interactions are the modal form of conflict in crises during this period. Nor is cross-domain conflict “new”: crises that play out in more than one domain were about as frequent (proportionately) in decades past as they are today. Cross-domain crises are also less violent and of no greater duration than crises between belligerents using similar means. This study thus presents evidence that fears about cross-domain escalation are empirically unsubstantiated.

One if by Land, and Two if by Sea: Cross-Domain Contests and the Escalation of International Crises

Closer together or farther apart: are there club convergence in ecological footprint?

Modelling the condition of highway tunnel liners helps to better understand the deterioration of tunnel liners and to more cost-effectively optimise the respective maintenance and rehabilitation ac...

Modelling of cast-in-place concrete tunnel liners condition

Urban forests are a significant and essential, but frequently ignored, component of urban landscapes. In many cases, only the resource's commercial value is taken into account when developing policies. To this end, the contingent valuation method (CVM) was applied to evaluate the economic value of urban forest parks (UFPs) in Hawassa City. This paper is estimating households’ maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for urban forest parks (UFPs) and identifying factors affecting households’ (HH's) WTP for conservation and development UFPs using double bounded (DD) CVM. The data was analyzed using a bivariate probit and probit model. Using the double bounded and open ended (OE) strategy choices, it was found that the communities' joint WTP was worth 23,209,329.6 Ethiopia Birr (ETB) and 14,761,008 ETB, respectively. The cost of conservation and development of UFP was found to be 1,696,000 ETB. According to the research, age, sex, marital status, family size, income, ownership status, education level, and bid amount have significant impact on the project's WTP. In general, the study showed that residents might gain approximately (23,209,329.6 - 1,696,000ETB) 21,513,329.6 ETB as a welfare enhancement by comparing the cost of conservation and development of UFPs with their benefits; consequently, such projects would benefit them more. As a result, the government should place greater emphasis on its UFP policies and projects. Besides, specific socioeconomic aspects should be considered when developing a project or policy for the conservation and development of UFPs in urban areas. 

Economic valuation of urban forest using contingent valuation method: the case of hawassa city, ethiopia

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption is associated with overweight and obesity, which are important drivers for the increasing healthcare and other social costs. If expenditures on SSB decrease expenditures on other goods and services, such as education and healthcare, this "crowding-out" may have a lasting effect. The main objectives of this article are, first, to estimate the statistical association between the decision of spending in SSB and several households' sociodemographic characteristics; and second, to estimate the association between the decision of buying SSB and budget allocation across categories in Jamaica.Using the Jamaican Household Expenditure Survey 2004-2005 a generalized ordered probit model was estimated to examine the association between socioeconomic variables and the decision to spend on SSB. Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE) of all the expenditure groups (except the SSB group) were used to estimate the association between the decision of buying SSB and budget allocation on other goods and services.Expenditures on SSB are negatively affected by the size of the household and the area of residence (rural households spend more on SSB than urban ones), while having a larger proportion of children (15 or younger) and having a larger total budget is associated to more expenditures on SSB. Households with positive expenditure on SSB allocate significantly less budget to "Healthcare" and "Education", when compared to those who did not buy SSB.SSB expenditures may displace expenditures in necessary goods and services, which implies that decreasing the proportion of budget spent on SSB may have important present and future consequences on poorer households' human capital accumulation and future incomes. 

/pdf/expenditures-on-sugar-sweetened-beverages-in-jamaica-and-its-hqbqlqy4.pdf

Expenditures on sugar-sweetened beverages in Jamaica and its association with household budget allocation

The ordered probit and logit models, based on the normal and logistic distributions, can yield biased and inconsistent estimators when the distributions are misspecified. A generalized ordered resp...

A generalized ordered Probit model

Many companies empower employees without delegating to them. However, the economic literature on empowerment implies, if not assumes, that delegation is always empowering. While delegation is empowering in a single-agent context, we show that it may be disempowering with multiple collaborative agents. Delegation to an agent may disempower him indirectly by demotivating his collaborator. We show that the possibility that delegation can disempower causes the principal to retain decision rights precisely when delegation is most proﬁtable in a single-agent environment. Our results imply a managerial role in empowering a collaborative team with heterogeneous preferences.

Empowerment in Teams: When Delegation Prevents Collaboration

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A generalized ordered Probit model

Empowerment in Teams: When Delegation Prevents Collaboration