Evaluation of activity of some medicinal plants used as malarial remedies by the Ibibios of Niger Delta region of Nigeria against Plasmodium falciparum was carried out. Crude extracts as well as fractions from promising plants were investigated for antiplasmodial activity against erythrocytic stages of chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant INDO strains of Plasmodium falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Cytotoxicity was determined against HeLa cells using MTT assay. GCMS of active fractions were carried out. Various plants extracts exhibited varying degrees of antiplasmodial activity. Promising antiplasmodial activity was found in Setaria megaphylla ethyl acetate leaf fraction [IC50 = 8.15 μg/mL (3D7) 8.05 μg/mL (INDO)] and good activities were found in Hippocratea africana [root ethyl acetate fraction IC50 = 25.95 μg/mL (3D7), 15.94 μg/ml (INDO)] and Solenostemon monostachyus (petroleum ether leaf fraction [IC50 = 25.99 μg/mL (3D7), 12.30 μg/ml (INDO)]. The leaf extract of S. megaphylla whose fractions exerted the highest activity against Plasmodium falciparum elicited moderate cytotoxicity (TC50- 45μg/ml). GCMS results identified some pharmacologically active compounds. These results provide validation for the traditional usage of some medicinal plants against malaria by the Ibibios in Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

https://www.florajournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue5/PartB/6-5-246-321.pdf

In vitro antiplasmodial activity of some medicinal plants from Nigeria

In this study, we investigated for the first time the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of crude polysaccharide (PSHT) extracted from green marine algae Halimeda tuna. PSHT exhibited anti-oxidant activity in vitro through scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl free radical, reducing Fe3+/ferricyanide complex, and inhibiting nitric oxide. PSHT maintained the erythrocyte membrane integrity and prevented hemolysis. Our results also showed that PSHT exerted a significant anti-edematic effect in vivo by decreasing advanced oxidation protein products and malondialdehyde levels and increasing the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat’s paw model and erythrocytes. Interestingly, PSHT increased the viability of murine RAW264.7 macrophages and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells by decreasing pro-inflammatory molecule levels, including nitric oxide, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Our findings indicate that PSHT could be used as a potential immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic, and anti-oxidant agent. These results could be explained by the computational findings showing that polysaccharide building blocks bound both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and TNF-α with acceptable affinities.

Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of a Crude Polysaccharide Derived from Green Seaweed Halimeda tuna: Computational and Experimental Evidences

Objective: Solenostemon monostachyus is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as ulcer, hypertension, pains and inflammatory diseases. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of S. monostachyus aerial parts was carried out to ascertain its uses in traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of S. monostachyus was cold extracted by soaking the dried powdered material in ethanol. The aerial parts crude extract (75 –225 mg/kg) of  S. monostachyus was investigated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities using various experimental models; acetic acid, formalin and thermal- induced pains models for analgesic study and carrageenin, egg albumin and xylene – induced edema models for anti-inflammatory investigation. Results: The extract caused a significant (pConclusion: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of this plant may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant and the results of the analgesic action suggest central and peripheral mechanisms. The findings of this work confirm the ethno medical use of this plant to treat inflammatory conditions.

http://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_5485_e8fc1ac326bc75d4ee2443dc4b3db959.pdf

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Solenostemon monostachyus aerial part extract in mice.

Objective: Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (family Lamiaceae) used traditionally by the Ibibios of Southern Nigeria to treat stomach ulcer, malaria and other inflammatory diseases was evaluated for antiulcer activity. Materials and Methods: The effects of extract of Solenostemon monostachyus (75 - 225 mg/kg) and fractions (Aqueous and chloroform, 150 mg/kg) on experimentally induced ulcer were studied in rats using ethanol, indomethacin, reserpine and histamine –induced ulcer models. Results: The effect of ethanol extract of S. monostachyus (75 – 225 mg/kg) and fractions on experimentally induced ulcer were studied in rats. The extract (75 – 225 mg/kg) inhibited ethanol, indomethacin and histamine –induced ulcer models in a dose dependent fashion. The various degrees of inhibitions were statistically significant (p<0.05, 0.01, 0.001). The effect of the extract was comparable to that of the standard drugs used with the dichloromethane fraction having the highest activity. Conclusion: Thus, S. monostachyus extract demonstrated a good antiulcer activity which supports the use of this plant in the traditional medicine to treat ulcers.

/pdf/antiulcerogenic-activity-of-solenostemon-monostachyus-qn5bvph6l7.pdf

Antiulcerogenic activity of Solenostemon monostachyus

Background: Solenostemon monostachys Briq. (Lamiaceae) is a weed widely used in ethno medicine to treat infections and inflammatory conditions but the active compounds are yet to be identified. This study isolated and identified the radical scavenging compounds from S. monostachys crude extract using diphenyl-1, 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) to monitor the separation. Materials and Methods: The crude extract of the aerial parts of the plant was evaluated for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion test, anti-inflammatory test using carrageenan induced oedema of the rat paw and radical scavenging test using diphenyl-1, 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). Repeated chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, monitored by DPPH bio-autographic assay resulted in the isolation of seven active compounds, which were identified using spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature data. Results: The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were the most active fractions and contained apigenin, apigenin glucuronide, luteolin, caffeic acid, methyl caffeate, rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate as the radical scavenging compounds with EC 50 values of 26.67 ± 0.31, 185.89 ± 1.02, 5.35 ± 0.31, 3.92 ± 0.06, 13.41 ± 0.18, 4.99 ± 0.10, 5.97 ± 0.08 μg/ml respectively compared with 2.32 ± 0.08 μg/ml for quercetin as the reference standard. Conclusion: The isolated compounds are reported for the first time in this plant. The presence of the compounds in S. monostachys P. Beauv. (Briq.) (Lamiaceae) may provide justification for some of the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant in infections and inflammatory conditions. Keywords: Flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, radical scavenging ability, Lamiaceae

/pdf/radical-scavenging-compounds-from-the-aerial-parts-of-49tph7bg69.pdf

Radical scavenging compounds from the aerial parts of Solenostemon monostachys briq (Lamiaceae)

Acute toxicity and antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic leaves extract of Solenostemon monostachyus (Esomo) were investigated. The method used for antioxidant evaluation was 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the method of Miller & Tainter was employed for the acute toxicity. The lethal dose inducing death for half of tested mice (LD50) for Esomo was 1.9± 0.001 g/kg body weight. According to the classification of Diezi (1989), this drug is weakly toxic. Esomo's concentration at 50% DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) was 19.95 ± 0. 1µg/ml. Esomo (100 µg/ml) induced a DPPH scavenging activity of 86.25 %. Similar results were obtained with acid gallic and ascorbic acid applied at the same concentration and they induced a DPPH scavenging activity of 91.66% and 98%, respectively. Our results show that the extract of S. monostachyus exhibits an antioxidant property. The property is due to the presence of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, sterols and terpins, shown in the former phytochemical study. The weak toxicity and the significant antioxidant activity of leaves of S. monostachyus could explain its use in folk medicine.

Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv. Leaves

Background: Infertility is a major public health problem in Africa. Most herbal remedies used for the treatment of women infertility are known to be estrogenic. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the estrogenic effects of the aqueous extracts of Ricinodendron heudelotii seeds and stem bark in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Adult ovariectomized rats were divided in groups of five animals and treated orally for seven consecutive days with both the seeds extract (SERH) and the bark extract (BERH) at 100 and 300 mg/kg and with Ethinylestradiol (0.02 mg/kg). The control group received distilled water. After treatments, vaginal smears were performed from the rats. Then the uterus, cervix and adrenal glands were weighted and the uterus stored in formalin 10% for histological analysis. Results: Ethinylestradiol as well as SERH at 100 mg/kg induced vaginal cornification and highly significant increase of the relative weight of the uterus and cervix in comparison to controls. SERH at 300 mg/kg and BERH at 100 and 300 mg/kg also induced significantly an increase of the relative weight of these organs. In addition, the adrenal glands relative weight was significantly augmented by SERH and BERH treatment. The histological examination of uterus showed the proliferation of the endometrium cells and development of numerous uterine glands in rats treated with Ethinylestradiol and the extracts at 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: R. heudelotii was found to show estrogenic effects on vagina, uterus, cervix and adrenal glands and the seeds extract exhibited greater estrogenic activities than the bark extract.

/pdf/estrogenic-effects-of-the-seeds-and-stem-bark-extracts-of-2p8qt6yl.pdf

Estrogenic effects of the seeds and stem bark extracts of Ricinodendron heudelotii in adult ovariectomized Wistar albino rats

Objectives: Garcinia kola seeds (EAgk) (Clusiaceae) contain coagulant components use to pretreat aquaculture wastewater in Nigeria. This work was undertaken to assess the effects of EAgk on blood coagulation because of its contents. Methods: Five groups of four rats of both sexes (200 ± 5 g) received orally distilled water, phytomenadione (15 mg/kg b.w.) and garcinia kola seeds extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w.) for four days and after this period, bleeding time was measured by tail hemorrhage model. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and platelet count were determined by coagulometer and hematological analyzer respectively. Blood red cells protection of EAgk was measured by the methods of 2,2’-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced hemolysis and inhibition of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide. Results: EAgk at 1000 mg/kg b.w. induced a significant decrease in bleeding time from 420 ± 27.3 s to 157.5 ± 18.9 s. The platelet count of group of rat treated with EAgk (1000 mg/kg b.w.) increased significantly (p < 0.01, n = 4). EAgk, decreased aPPT in a concentration dependent manner (p > 0.05, n = 4). EAgk inhibited hemolysis, DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide with IC 50 values of 1.02 ± 0.2; 3.2 × 10 −2 ± 0.12 and 1.01 ± 0.5 mg/mg respectively. Conclusions: EAgk exhibits hemostatic effects, which could justify the presence of coagulant components in the extract. Erythrocytes’ protective activity of Garcinia kola seeds may be due to free radicals and hydrogen peroxide inhibition.

/pdf/evaluation-of-hemostatic-and-antihemolytic-effects-of-3sdijanw.pdf

Evaluation of Hemostatic and Antihemolytic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Garcinia kola (Clusiaceae) Fresh Seeds

Infertility is a global public health problem today. More than 15% of couples of childbearing ages are affected by this disease worldwide (WHO, 2010). In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence varies from 9% to 30% depending on the country (Parrott, 2014; Hollos and Whitehouse, 2014; Asemota and Klatsky, 2015). Infertility is defined by the World Health Organization as the inability of a couple to achieve conception and carry a pregnancy to term after a year or more of regular, unprotected sex (WHO, 2018). This disease can concern both men and women. Indeed, 30% of infertility cases are thought to be female, 20% are male in origin, 40% are of mixed origin and 10% are unexplained. However, there are two types of infertility, namely primary infertility when the couple has never conceived and secondary infertility when the couple can no longer give birth after having a child (Tabong and Adongo, 2013). The secondary form is thought to affect around 30% of women aged 25 to 49 in sub-Saharan Africa (WHO, 2010). In Africa, the child is considered a precious Effects of aqueous extract of on the reproductive system of female Albizia glaberrima adult Wistar albino rats Bleu Gomé Michel , Kpahé Ziéhi Fidèle , Obou Constantin Okou , Kouakou Koffi , Traoré Flavien 1* 1 2 3 4

Effects of aqueous extract of on the reproductive system of female Albizia glaberrima adult Wistar albino rats

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Papers

Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv. Leaves

Estrogenic effects of the seeds and stem bark extracts of Ricinodendron heudelotii in adult ovariectomized Wistar albino rats

Evaluation of Hemostatic and Antihemolytic Effects of Aqueous Extract of <i>Garcinia kola</i> (Clusiaceae) Fresh Seeds

Effects of aqueous extract of on the reproductive system of female Albizia glaberrima adult Wistar albino rats