The lack of a formal model in wireless location privacy protection research makes it difficult to evaluate new location privacy protection proposals, and difficult to utilize existing research results in anonymous communication into this new problem. In this paper, we analyze a wireless location privacy protection system (WLP2S), and generalize it to a MIX based formal model, which includes a MIX, a set of MIX's user, and a intruder of MIX. In addition, we also use information theory approach to define anonymity and measures of this model, and describe the characteristics of observation process in WLP2S in detail. Two benefits arise from our model. Firstly, it provides a means of evaluating the privacy level of proposed location privacy protection protocols. We use the measures of proposed formal model to study the performance of our novel silent period technique. Simulation results reveal the role of many parameters-such as users' mobility pattern and intruders' tracking accuracy- on users' privacy level. The results shed more light on improving our defense protocol. Secondly, our approach provides a link between existing defense and attack protocols in MIX research and the new location privacy protection problem. By utilizing the formal model, we conducted preliminary studies in identifying potential attacks, and improve the performance of existing defense protocol. This study results an extension of existing defense protocols. Those simulation and analytical results demonstrates the promising potential of our model.

Towards modeling wireless location privacy

A unit disk graph and its proximity graphs are often used as the underlying topologies of a mobile ad hoc network. One category of unicast routing algorithms, position-based routing algorithms, has been developed and studied extensively in the context of 2-D. This, however, poses evident questions in terms of the reliability and efficiency of these algorithms when practically the mobile host is an object positioned in the real world of 3-D. We propose a heuristic for routing in 3-D based on the 2-D face routing algorithm. We study experimentally the properties of geometric graphs in 3-D and the performance of various routing algorithms on these graphs.

Position-Based Routing on 3-D Geometric Graphs in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

Location-Based Services Handbook: Applications, Technologies, and Security is a comprehensive reference containing all aspects of essential technical information on location-based services (LBS) technology. With broad coverage ranging from basic concepts to research-grade material, it presents a much-needed overview of technologies for positioning and localizing, including range- and proximity-based localization methods, and environment-based location estimation methods. Featuring valuable contributions from field experts around the world, this book addresses existing and future directions of LBS technology, exploring how it can be used to optimize resource allocation and improve cooperation in wireless networks. It is a self-contained, comprehensive resource that presents: A detailed description of the wireless location positioning technology used in LBS Coverage of the privacy and protection procedure for cellular networksand its shortcomings An assessment of threats presented when location information is divulged to unauthorized parties Important IP Multimedia Subsystem and IMS-based presence service proposals The demand for navigation services is predicted to rise by a combined annual growth rate of more than 104% between 2008 and 2012, and many of these applications require efficient and highly scalable system architecture and system services to support dissemination of location-dependent resources and information to a large and growing number of mobile users. This book offers tools to aid in determining the optimal distance measurement system for a given situation by assessing factors including complexity, accuracy, and environment. It provides an extensive survey of existing literature and proposes a novel, widely applicable, and highly scalable architecture solution. Organized into three major sectionsapplications, technologies, and securitythis material fully covers various location-based applications and the impact they will have on the future.

Location-Based Services Handbook: Applications, Technologies, and Security

A method and apparatus for performing channel access in a WLAN system are disclosed. A method for managing a network allocation vector (NAV) by a station (STA) in a wireless LAN (WLAN) system includes: receiving a Contention Free (CF)-END frame including a duration field; if the CF-END frame is a first-type CF-END frame, resetting the NAV; and if the CF-END frame is a second-type CF-END frame, determining whether to reset the NAV according to a comparison result between a value of the duration field and a NAV value of the STA.

Method and apparatus for channel access in wireless lan system

The advancement of the technology and broad availability of low‐cost devices (e.g., networking technology, micro‐embedded computers, and sensors, etc.) have opened new ways for the expansion of flying ad‐hoc networks (FANETs). The unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to change their trajectory freely in the case of FANETs. This freedom demands efficient routing to make the network connection smooth. However, designing routing protocols for FANETs is a crucial task for highly dynamic nodes like UAVs. The position‐based routing demonstrated high efficiency and resilience to handle the high mobility of UAV nodes in FANETs as compared to topology‐based routing protocols. Geographic routing protocols utilize the coordinates of the node to greedily proceed toward the destination. This article presents an extensive review of position‐based or geographic routing protocols in FANETs. Previous survey papers have performed a comparative analysis of all the protocols on different network conditions, assumptions, tools, and settings, therefore their performance is not comparable. The novelty of this survey is that this article performs the comparative analysis of various geographic routing protocols by evaluating all the geographic routing protocols over a common network scenario with a varying number of nodes. The starting phase of this article covers the basic outline of FANETs. Thereafter, an absolute study of the geographic based routing protocol has been presented by distinguishing the routing protocols on the basis of path and packet forwarding strategy. This article further emphasizes on the strength, weaknesses, quality of service (QoS), and comparative analysis of the various characteristics of the geographic routing protocols. Finally, a performance comparison summary of all the analyzed routing protocols for FANETs has been presented. The open research issues have been discussed at the end of this article.

A comparative study on geographic-based routing algorithms for flying ad-hoc networks

We consider a scalable user-centric wireless network with dynamic cluster formation as defined by Björnsson and Sanguinetti. After having shown the importance of dominant channel subspace information for uplink (UL) pilot decontamination and having examined different UL combining schemes in our previous work, here we investigate precoding strategies for the downlink (DL). Distributed scalable DL precoding and power allocation methods are evaluated for different antenna distributions, user densities and UL pilot dimensions. We compare distributed power allocation methods to a scheme based on a particular form of UL-DL duality which is computable by a central processor based on the available partial channel state information. The new duality method achieves almost symmetric "optimistic ergodic rates" for UL and DL while saving considerable computational complexity since the UL combining vectors are reused as DL precoders.

/pdf/uplink-downlink-duality-and-precoding-strategies-with-49jus2p3.pdf

Uplink-Downlink Duality and Precoding Strategies with Partial CSI in Cell-Free Wireless Networks

Rapid advances in recent device technologies continue to create ubiquitous computing environments that have wireless devices everywhere in the surroundings. Positioning devices such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and pseudolite continue to decrease in price and wireless devices containing them can determine the location of the device itself. Given this background, providing services based on the location information of a device group, in other words, location-aware services, is currently an active topic. The location-aware services being widely researched today provide guide systems to users. A typical service is Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). However, these services are not available in an environment where special positioning devices cannot be used, and the user must switch to another service. Existing services have the drawback of architectures that are greatly affected by the user's environment. Thus, in this paper, we propose seamless location-aware services that will improve on these conventional services. We present the problems of using existing methods as the routing protocol, which is an element technology of these services; propose and evaluate a method better suited to these services; and verify its effects by a computer simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(4): 26–34, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10138

A proposal of geographical routing protocols for location‐aware services

Ad hoc networks have recently become a hot topic. In ad hoc networks, battery power is an important resource, since most terminals are battery powered. Terminals consume extra energy when their network interfaces are in the idle state or when they overhear packets not destined for them. They should, therefore, switch off their radio when they do not have to send or receive packets. IEEE802.11 features a power saving mechanism (PSM) in the distributed coordination function (DCF). In PSM for DCF, nodes must stay awake for a fixed time, called the ATIM window (ad-hoc traffic indication map window). If nodes do not have data to send or receive, they enter the doze state except for during the ATIM window. However, ad hoc networks with PSM have larger end-to-end delays to deliver packets and suffer lower throughput than the standard IEEE802.11. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a protocol that reduces delay and achieves high throughput and energy efficiency. Simulation results show that our proposal outperforms other PSMs in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and energy efficiency.

An improved power saving mechanism for MAC protocol in ad hoc networks

SUMMARY 5G service has been launched in various countries, and re- search for the beyond 5G is already underway actively around the world. In beyond 5G, it is expected to expand the various capabilities of com- munication technologies to cover further wide use cases from 5G. As a candidate elemental technology, cell free massive MIMO has been widely researched and shown its potential to enhance the capabilities from various aspects. However, for deploying this technology in reality, there are still many technical issues such as a cost of distributing antenna and installing fronthaul, and also the scalability aspects. This paper surveys research trends of cell free massive MIMO, especially focusing on the deployment challenges with an introduction to our speciﬁc related research activities including some numerical examples.

/pdf/a-survey-on-research-activities-for-deploying-cell-free-3k9qvuy3.pdf

A Survey on Research Activities for Deploying Cell Free Massive MIMO towards Beyond 5G

Recently, addressing problems in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) attract many attention. MANET is a collection of nodes with wireless interfaces and requires no infrastructure. In these type of networks, distributed network management should be applied and autonomous addressing scheme must be used. Most of traditional addressing architectures assume the existence of central servers and cannot be applied to MANETs. To create an autonomous addressing scheme involve many technological issues. Many researchers try to solve them and some methods have been proposed. In this paper, we propose an usage of spatio-temporal information of each node to assure the address uniqueness. The address generated by this is called "spatio-temporal address: STA". This idea is based on the fact that two objects cannot exist at the same location at the same time. If each node configures its address based on location and time, the uniqueness is kept. Naturally, each positioning system has its own limitation of accuracy and this uniqueness may not be kept. Here, we propose a new duplicate address detection method to keep the uniqueness even if location accuracy is not high enough.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/9709/30647/01414572.pdf

Spatio-temporal addressing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks

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