This review describes recent advances in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with an emphasis on its novel applications to various electrochemistry-related problems. Section 1 discusses the development of new EIS techniques to reduce measurement time. For this purpose, various forms of multisine EIS techniques were first developed via a noise signal synthesized by mixing ac waves of various frequencies, followed by fast Fourier transform of the signal and the resulting current. Subsequently, an entirely new concept was introduced in which true white noise was used as an excitation source, followed by Fourier transform of both excitation and response signals. Section 2 describes novel applications of the newly developed techniques to time-resolved impedance measurements as well as to impedance imaging. Section 3 is devoted to recent applications of EIS techniques, specifically traditional measurements in various fields with a special emphasis on biosensor detections.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells

Technological development of hydrogen production by solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC)

Improved cathodes are required for low-temperature operation of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Recent work has shown that electrode fabrication and modification by infiltration of active components into a porous scaffold can result in outstanding electrochemical performance. In this paper we review the literature on this new approach for cathode preparation and discuss the insights that this work has provided for understanding the relationships between the materials properties, electrochemical performance, and electrode stability.

High‐Performance SOFC Cathodes Prepared by Infiltration

Fundamental mechanisms limiting solid oxide fuel cell durability

A solid oxide fuel cell is formed by arranging a fuel electrode layer and an air electrode layer on both surfaces of a solid electrolyte, respectively, a fuel electrode current collector and an air electrode current collector outside the fuel electrode layer and the air electrode layer, respectively, and separators outside the fuel electrode current collector and the air electrode current collector. In a first embodiment, a fuel gas and an oxidant gas are supplied from the separators to the fuel electrode layer and the oxidant electrode layer, respectively, through the fuel electrode current collector and the air electrode current collector, respectively. Each separator is formed by laminating a plurality of thin metal plates at least including a thin metal plate in which a first gas discharge opening is arranged in a central part and second gas discharge openings are circularly arranged in a peripheral part, and a thin metal plate with an indented surface. Gases discharged from the separators can be supplied to entire areas of the electrode layers through the current collectors, so that electric power generation can be performed.

Solid oxide fuel cell and separator

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a solid oxide fuel cell, which has high performance, by improving the efficiency of a power generation cell. SOLUTION: The power generation cell 1 is constituted by arranging a fuel electrode layer 4 to the one surface of a solid electrolyte layer 3, and arranging an air electrode layer 2 to the other side surface. Here, the above solid electrolyte layer 3 is constituted with an oxide ion conductor that makes lanthanum gallate system oxide as the main body. The above fuel electrode layer 4 is constituted with a porous sintered substance of the highly decentralized network structure where the mixed conductivity oxide particles enclose the skeleton structure, in which the metal particles are chained. Moreover, the above air electrode layer 2 uses the porosity sintered substance, which makes cobaltite as the main ingredient. With the above composition, IR loss of the solid electrolyte layer 3 decreases at the same time the over voltage of each electrodes decreases, and the solid oxide fuel cell which is excellent in power generation efficiency can be realized. COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Solid oxide fuel cell and manufacturing method

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrode capable of increasing an output of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and increasing energy density. SOLUTION: The electrode for secondary batteries includes an aluminum porous sintered object, an active material and a bonding agent in a void of the aluminum porous sintered object. In the electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, the aluminum porous sintered object includes a metal skeleton in three-dimensional mesh structure, includes a void between the metal skeletons, and disperse an Al-Ti compound in the metal skeleton. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and method of manufacturing the same

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing an aluminum porous sintered body, with which the open pore type aluminum porous sintered body that has open pores of small pore size, a three-dimensional skeleton structure and a thick plate-like, block-like or cylindrical shape, can be easily and reliably produced.SOLUTION: The method for producing the aluminum porous sintered body comprises: a viscous composition preparation step of mixing aluminum-mixed raw material powder which includes aluminum powder and titanium powder and/or hydrogenated titanium powder as a sintering aid, water and a water-soluble resin binder to obtain an air bubble-including viscous composition; a pre-sintering step of packing the viscous composition in a vessel having a predetermined shape and freeze-drying the packed composition to obtain a compact before sintering; and a sintering step of heating/calcining the compact before sintering in an inert atmosphere or in vacuum at the temperature T (°C) satisfying (Tm-10(°C))≤T≤685(°C) (wherein Tm (°C) is the temperature at which the aluminum-mixed raw material powder begins to melt).

Method for producing aluminum porous sintered body

PURPOSE: To eliminate stickness of powder to a mold and to prevent the development of crack in a sintered product by blending the specific quantities of cellulose series water soluble binder, interface active agent and oils and fats to noble metal powder. CONSTITUTION: Plastic composition for molding noble metal is constituted of composition composed of 50-90wt.% noble metal powder, 0.8-8% cellulose series water soluble binder, 0.03-3% interface active agent, 0.1-3% oils and fats and the balance of water with inevitable impurities. The noble metal powder is desirable to be ≤200μm average particle diameter. This composition is not stuck to hands even if this is molded with the hands, and the hardening velocity is fast. Even if the molding material is sintered without natural-drying, crazing and lowering of gloss are not developed. Therefore, an art object, ornament, etc., can be manufactured in a short time. COPYRIGHT: (C)1992,JPO&Japio

Plastic composition for molding noble metal

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