Present review is aimed at providing a state-of-art development of anode for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with principal emphasis on the materials aspect. The criteria for the anode of SOFC are first presented. The prospects and problems of the currently developed anode materials are elucidated. In particular, the electrochemical properties of the Ni/YSZ cermet anode that is the most commonly employed in the establishment of SOFC stack is described along with various approaches attempted for their improvements. The advantages and disadvantages of other anode materials are compared to offer some insights for the research and development of new generation of anode materials for SOFC.

A review on the status of anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

High temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has prospect and potential to generate electricity from fossil fuels with high efficiency and very low greenhouse gas emissions as compared to traditional thermal power plants. In the last 10 years, there has been significant progress in the materials development and stack technologies in SOFC. The objective of this paper is to review the development of anode materials in SOFC from the viewpoint of materials microstructure and performance associated with the fabrication and optimization processes. Latest development and achievement in the Ni/Y2O3-ZrO2 (Ni/YSZ) cermet anodes, alternative and conducting oxide anodes and anode-supported substrate materials are presented. Challenges and research trends based on the fundamental understanding of the materials science and engineering for the anode development for the commercially viable SOFC technologies are discussed.

A review of anode materials development in solid oxide fuel cells

This work is focused on the comparative analysis of electrochemical and transport properties in the major families of cathode and anode compositions for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and materials science-related factors affecting electrode performance. The first part presents a brief overview of the electrochemical and chemical reactions in SOFCs, specific rate-determining steps of the electrode processes, solid oxide electrolyte ceramics, and effects of partial oxygen ionic and electronic conductivities in the SOFC components. The aspects associated with materials compatibility, thermal expansion, stability, and electrocatalytic behavior are also briefly discussed. Primary attention is centered on the experimental data and approaches reported during the last 10–15 years, reflecting the main challenges in the field of materials development for the ceramic fuel cells.

Electrode materials and reaction mechanisms in solid oxide fuel cells: a brief review

Quantification of SOFC anode microstructure based on dual beam FIB-SEM technique

In recent times, synthesis, development and fabrication of anode component of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have gained a significant importance, especially after the advent of anode supported SOFC. The function of the anode electrode involves the facilitation of fuel gas diffusion, oxidation of the fuel, transport of electrons and transport of by-product of the electrochemical reaction. Although impressive progress has been made in the development of alternative anode materials with mixed conducting properties and few of the other composite cermets, Ni/YSZ continues to be the most sought after anode for high temperature SOFC applications. Despite of its poor carburization and sulfidation capabilities during the operation of SOFC directly on hydrocarbons, Ni/YSZ continues to be the most opted anode electrode material due to its high catalytic activity for hydrogen oxidation, methane reforming, high electronic and ionic conductivity and stability. Present review focuses on the various aspects pertaining to Ni/YSZ as an anode in SOFC. Various factors that influence the ohmic, activation and the concentration polarization contribution of anode while using Ni/YSZ are discussed. Importance of optimizing the composition, microstructure and porosity to minimize the above mentioned polarizations are discussed extensively. Various synthesis methods that are used in the preparation of optimized NiO/YSZ composite powder and the methods that are adopted to fabricate anode component are provided in detail in the article. Information on Ni/YSZ anode failure and strategies to improve the long term stability are also discussed exhaustively. Parameters that influence the carburization and sulfidation of Ni/YSZ while using hydrocarbons as fuel are elaborated in this article and means to minimize the same are also discussed.

Properties and development of Ni/YSZ as an anode material in solid oxide fuel cell: A review

PURPOSE:To prevent the breakage of a container due to the thermal expansion difference between a main body and the container and the deterioration of the gas sealing property by forming guide/discharge paths of fuel gas and oxidizer gas in a stack structure of electrolyte plates and separators. CONSTITUTION:A cathode 12 and an anode 13 are formed on both faces of the flat electrolyte plate 11 of each cell. The electrolyte plates 11 each formed with the cathode 12 and anode 13 on both faces of each cell are stacked via separators 14 concurrently serving as gas passages and electric connectors. Grooves 14a, 14b are formed on both faces of the separator 14 to constitute the gas passages. The grooves 14a, 14b are arranged in parallel on both faces of the separator 14, and ridges on the surface becomes grooves on the back face. A center corrugated sheet section is constituted of the parallel grooves 14a, 14b, a frame 14c with the same plane as that of the ridges 14b on the surface and grooves 14d with the same plane as that of the ridges on the back face along the inside of the frame 14c are formed on the outer periphery, and the grooves 14a, 14b are sealed from the outside by the frame 14c and grooves 14d on the outer periphery when the separators 14 and the electrolyte plates 11 are stacked.

High-temperature fuel cell

PURPOSE: To improve fuel cell performance, and prevent the deterioration of the fuel cell performance even if a fuel cell is operated for many hours by forming recesses-projections having a width and a height of a prescribed length at prescribed intervals over the whole range on both surfaces of solid electrolyte where electrodes are formed. CONSTITUTION: In a solid electrolyte fuel cell having solid electrolyte 1 sandwiched by respective electrodes, recesses-projections having a width and a height of 1 to 100μm are formed at intervals of 0.1 to 10μm on both surfaces of the solid electrolyte 1. Thereby, since a strong interface is formed between the electrodes and the solid electrolyte and an interface length can be lengthened, an increase in contact resistance and polarization resistance is restrained, and fuel cell performance is improved, and a characteristic with the lapse of time is extremely stabilized, and even if a fuel cell is operated for many hours, the deterioration of the fuel cell performance can be prevented. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO

Solid electrolyte for fuel cell and solid electrolyte fuel cell using this

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To sufficiently control temperature distribution within a cell surface, and stably maintain cell performance for a long time by using a material showing a catalytic action of reforming reaction of fuel gas and specifying the specific surface area of the material on the surface part coming in contact with the fuel gas of an anode. SOLUTION: In a solid electrolyte fuel cell anode, the surface part at least coming in contact with fuel gas is made of a material such as cermet showing catalytic action of reforming reaction of the fuel gas. On the surface part of the anode, the specific surface area of the material is made larger in a portion on fuel gas outlet side than a portion on the fuel gas inlet side. The surface area is selected preferably from the range of 0.01-0.2m /g in the portion on the fuel gas inlet side, and from the range of 0.5-2.0m /g in the portion on the fuel gas outlet side. Attaching of the anode to a solid electrolyte is conducted by screen printing or brush coating.

Solid electrolyte fuel cell anode and solid electrolyte fuel cell using it, and solid electrolyte fuel cell operating method

PURPOSE:To decrease the capability of stress generation, prevent the peeling off of a plating film, reduce contact resistance with an anode, and stabilize the output of a fuel cell over a long period of time without any change with time by almost equalizing the thermal expansion coefficient of a current collecting base with that of a composite plating film. CONSTITUTION:An electroless plating thin film and an electrolytic plating (metal/ceramic) composite film are stacked in that order on one side of a current collector base made of a perovskite structure composite oxide. A current collector is obtained by forming a metallic thin film by electroless plating on one side of a current collector base made of a perovskite structure composite oxide, then forming a metal/ceramic composite film by electrolytic plating from a plating solution in which a ceramic is dispersed.

Current collector for high temperature fuel cell and manufacture thereof

The flow pattern and electrical resistance of a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are dependent on the configuration of the cell Chemical engineering approaches for a continuous tubular reactor with a rectangular cross section were applied to planar SOFCs using a 50 × 50 × 02 mm zirconia electrolyte First, three (front, center and rear) separated anodes were printed on a zirconia electrolyte to investigate the flow pattern Hydrogen fuel was supplied at rates of between 125 and 1250 mm3/s and the open circuit voltage of the front anode was measured when the back was discharged at 05 A The theoretical voltage of the front was estimated by the Nernst equation using the fuel utilization which was equal to the fraction of hydrogen converted to steam at the back anode The measured front voltage was in fair agreement with the theoretical value for the fuel utilization between 01 and 05 This result indicated that the hydrogen flow is approximated by the perfectly mixed model in this range Furthermore, the dispersed plug flow model was applied However, the measured voltage that deviated from the perfect mixed model below fuel utilization of 01 was ambiguousThe influence of cell configuration on electrical conductance was also investigated Five planar SOFCs were fabricated using three configurations of separator and two kinds of cathodes Simulated conductances were derived from a simple model which involves the current paths from the cathode to separator that consisted of rutted paths and ribs In this model, the generated current in the rutted path flow in the cathode was collected by the edge of the rib and the current was then directly collected at the ribs where the separator touched the cathode Simulated conductances were adequately correlated with the measured values The error might be caused by the contact conductance

Flow Pattern and Electrical Conductance on a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

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