Modern trends in the greener synthesis and fabrication of inorganic, organic and coordination compounds, materials, nanomaterials, hybrids and nanocomposites are discussed. Green chemistry deals with synthesis procedures according to its classic 12 principles, contributing to the sustainability of chemical processes, energy savings, lesser toxicity of reagents and final products, lesser damage to the environment and human health, decreasing the risk of global overheating, and more rational use of natural resources and agricultural wastes. Greener techniques have been applied to synthesize both well-known chemical compounds by more sustainable routes and completely new materials. A range of nanosized materials and composites can be produced by greener routes, including nanoparticles of metals, non-metals, their oxides and salts, aerogels or quantum dots. At the same time, such classic materials as cement, ceramics, adsorbents, polymers, bioplastics and biocomposites can be improved or obtained by cleaner processes. Several non-contaminating physical methods, such as microwave heating, ultrasound-assisted and hydrothermal processes or ball milling, frequently in combination with the use of natural precursors, are of major importance in the greener synthesis, as well as solventless and biosynthesis techniques. Non-hazardous solvents including ionic liquids, use of plant extracts, fungi, yeasts, bacteria and viruses are also discussed in relation with materials fabrication. Availability, necessity and profitability of scaling up green processes are discussed.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.191378

Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials

Nowadays, plastic products are closely related to human life. While it brings convenience to human beings, there are also great health and environmental threats. Most of the plastic products are polymer compounds obtained by addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. It will cause chronic poisoning to humans if long-term use plastic products are used. In addition, due to the relatively low production cost and short service life of plastic products, a large amount of waste plastics is discarded every year, which causes serious environmental problems. Traditional disposal technologies such as landfill and incineration not only waste a lot of resources but also accompany serious secondary pollution problems. In order to meet the needs of sustainable development and green environmental protection, various recycling methods have been explored for waste plastics, which have been used to develop economic and environmentally friendly value-added products. This paper reviews a range of management methods for the increasingly severe problem of discarded plastics and briefly summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of some methods, lists some examples of more valuable recycled products and materials, and finally puts forward the improvement direction and challenge to solve this problem.

Research progress for plastic waste management and manufacture of value-added products

Biocomposites being environmentally-friendly alternative to synthetic composites are gaining increasing demand for various applications. Hence, biocomposite development should be integrated within a circular economy (CE) model to ensure a sustainable production that is simultaneously innocuous towards the environment. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for the adoption of the CE concept in biocomposite development. The study outlined the properties, environmental and economic impacts of biocomposites. A critical review of the life-cycle assessment of biocomposite for evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprints was conducted. In addition, the opportunities and challenges pertaining to the implementation of CE have been discussed in detail. Recycling and utilisation of bio-based constituents were identified as the critical factors in embracing CE. Therefore, the development of innovative recycling technologies and an enhanced use of novel biocomposite constituents could lead to a reduction in material waste and environmental footprints. This article is one of the first studies to review the circularity of biocomposites in detail that will stimulate further research in enhancing the sustainability of these polymeric materials.

Circular economy in biocomposite development: State-of-the-art, challenges and emerging trends

Many countries in the world aim to achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 following ambitious climate change mitigation, and thus, the concept of sustainable biorefinery has attracted immense research and development around the world. The concept of the biorefinery is centrally based on the conversion of biomass into biofuels and value-added products. Nevertheless, lowering the recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic matrix in a cost-effective and environmentally benign manner is a crucial pretreatment step. Different pretreatment methods have been categorized as physical, chemical, biological, physicochemical, and combined. Recently, some novel ionic liquids have also emerged as promising sustainable pretreatment solutions for use of lignocellulosic waste on a large scale. This review briefly presents recent findings on the pretreatment for the conversion of lignocellulosic materials into fuel and value-added products.

Recent advances in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and value-added products

Nanocellulose for improved concrete performance: A macro-to-micro investigation for disclosing the effects of cellulose filaments on strength of cement systems

http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/52588/1/J%20Cleaner%20Production%20_2017.pdf

Green synthesis of novel biocomposites from treated cellulosic fibers and recycled bio-plastic polylactic acid

Recycled polylactic acid (PLAr) was reinforced with treated nanocellulosic hemp fibers for biocomposite fabrication. Cellulosic fibers were extracted from hemp fibers chemically and treated enzymatically. Treated nanocellulosic fibers (NCF) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Biocomposite fabrication was done with PLAr and three concentrations of treated NCF (0.1%, 0.25%, and 1% (v/v)) and then studied for thermal stability and mechanical properties. Increased thermal stability was observed with increasing NCF concentrations. The highest value for Young’s modulus was for PLAr + 0.25% (v/v) NCF (250.28 ± 5.47 MPa), which was significantly increased compared to PLAr (p = 0.022). There was a significant decrease in the tensile stress at break point for PLAr + 0.25% (v/v) NCF and PLAr + 1% (v/v) NCF as compared to control (p = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively). No significant difference was observed between treatments for tensile stress at yield.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/4/1003/pdf

Biocomposite Fabrication from Enzymatically Treated Nanocellulosic Fibers and Recycled Polylactic Acid

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Green synthesis of novel biocomposites from treated cellulosic fibers and recycled bio-plastic polylactic acid

Biocomposite Fabrication from Enzymatically Treated Nanocellulosic Fibers and Recycled Polylactic Acid