There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/gump/IL/Chem.%20Rev.%201999,%2099,%202071.pdf

Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/314767/1/BinnemansILSEPT2011.pdf

How to select the best ionic liquid for a given application

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) is an acidic extractant frequently used in solvent extraction for metal refining. Only limited information is available on the amount and type of impurities present in commercially available D2EHPA and their effect on liquid-liquid extraction. In this paper, these impurities were identified and the importance of pre-conditioning the extractant before carrying out extractions is demonstrated. Furthermore, the solubility of D2EHPA in aqueous solutions was investigated as a function of pH, concentration of extractant and anion present in the aqueous phase (chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, methanesulfonate, thiocyanate, and nitrate). The density of the organic phases and the sodium and water uptake in the organic phase were determined as a function of the different anions present in the aqueous phase. The type of anion was found not to have a large influence on the solubility of D2EHPA in the aqueous phases. Low concentrations of salt in the aqueous phase or high pH values resulted in significant losses of D2EHPA to the aqueous phase. A very sharp increase in water content in the organic phase was observed around pH 5 (pH 6 for the nitrate system), accompanied by a significant increase in extraction of sodium ions, which explains the observed increase in density of the organic phase, and the tendency to third-phase formation. The results from this fundamental study help to better understand the behavior of liquid-liquid extraction systems in which D2EHPA is used as extractant and can help to prevent third-phase formation and losses of extractant to the aqueous phase. Moreover, the impurities present in commercially available D2EHPA and their impact on liquid-liquid extraction processes are determined. 

Solubility of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in aqueous electrolyte solutions: Studies relevant to liquid-liquid extraction

https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/355015/1/WellensEuchem2012.pdf

A greener approach to hydrometallurgy: highly selective separation of cobalt from nickel by solvent extraction with undiluted phosphonium ionic liquids

The present invention relates to ionic compounds containing an anion, and a cation having the following structural formula (1): R1R2R3N+-(|inker1)-O-(iinker2)-(FC) wherein: - R1 and R2 either linear or branched alkyl groups or together form a N-heterocylic ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are joined;- R3 is linear or branched alkyl group; - linker1 and linker2 are alkylene chains or polyether chains; and - the group FC is a fluorinated alkyl group, as well as an electrolyte material comprising such an ionic compound and a metal salt, and metal-air batteries using such an electrolyte material. The invention also relates to a metal-air battery containing an electrolyte material, wherein the electrolyte material comprises at least one ionic compound and a metal salt, and wherein at least one ionic compound contains an anion CnF2n+1COO- or CnF2n+1S03 -, where in each case n is at least 1 and at most 10.

Fluorinated ionic liquids with high oxygen solubility for metal-air batteries

Transparent Rare Earth Compounds: Magnetic Circular Dichroism

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