There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/gump/IL/Chem.%20Rev.%201999,%2099,%202071.pdf

Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Spectroscopic Properties of LiErF4.

Imidazolium ionic liquids were synthesized from readily available molecules: aldehydes, 1,2-carbonyl components, alkyl amines and acids in a halogen-free procedure. Since the use of enolisable carbonyl functions is not compatible with the modified Debus–Radziszewski reaction, symmetrical 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids were made. The use of strong acids, like sulfuric acid, leads to protonation of the amine, low yields and side products that are difficult to remove. Changing the acid in the synthesis to acetic acid greatly improved the isolated yield and produced pure imidazolium acetate ionic liquids. From these imidazolium acetate compounds, many other ionic liquids could be prepared using different metathesis strategies. These strategies were dependent on the acidity of the conjugate acid of the anion, the acid volatility and the hydrophilicity of the used reagents and resulting ionic liquid. The following anions were introduced: bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Tf2N]−), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate, [TsO]−), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate ([DEHP]−) and nitrate ([NO3]−). The impact of the different anions on the properties of the ionic liquids was investigated.

Halogen-Free Synthesis of Symmetrical 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids Using Non-Enolisable Starting Materials.

Capture and recycling of CO2 is nowadays increasingly important, because of environmental reasons and because CO2 is of importance for industry. CO2 is often used by the chemical industry (methanol synthesis, electrochemical synthesis of carboxylic acids), by companies dealing with biogas production and plant cultivation, by the metallurgical industry (welding), for firefighting and coolant for transportation of frozen goods. [1] It is often necessary to separate CO2 from gases prior to its absorption, for example, in the case of industrial fermentation or ammonia production. On the laboratory scale the purification of CO2 can be achieved by the use of ionic-liquid-impregnated gasseparating membranes – SILMs (Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes). [2] Since the membrane gas separation efficiency is determined by its solubility in the ionic, ionic liquids used for this purpose have to be able to selectively, efficiently and reversibly dissolve CO2. Twenty new ionic liquids with a wide variety of cations and anions have been synthesized and their CO2/ N2 and CO2/ CH4 separating properties have been tested on SILMs in a custom designed high-throughput (HT) gas permeation system. [3] The most efficient ionic liquid allowed to obtain a CO2 stream with a purity of over 98%. The ionic liquid design was based on a systematic approach, in order to determine what cation and anion features and what functional groups support carbon dioxide dissolution. Monoand dicationic ionic liquids with cations based on different aza-heterocycles (e.g. imidazole, pyrrolidine, morpholine, DABCO) have been considered, as well as ammonium and choline cations. The effect of the heterocycle has been demonstrated for ionic liquids varying only with the heterocyclic ring and possessing the same anion and functional groups. The influence on the gas separation of oligoethylene glycol chains and other functional groups attached to the cation or the anion has been investigated.

https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/355012/1/HojniakEuchem2012.pdf

Design of ionic liquids for separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogen and methane supported by ionic liquid membranes

Spectroscopic Properties of KY3F10:Er3+.

A method for manufacturing a thorium oxide comprising material is described. The method comprising obtaining the thorium oxide comprising material, and sintering the thorium oxide comprising material, whereby at least during the sintering of the sintering process aluminum oxide is present as a sintering assisting additive. A resulting thorium oxide comprising material and a nuclear fuel comprising such material also are disclosed.

Sintering of thorium oxide comprising materials

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