Partial table of contents: Ethnobotany, Drug Development and Biodiversity Conservation--Exploring the Linkages (M. Balick). The Ethnobotanical Approach to Drug Discovery: Strengths and Limitations (P. Cox). Basic, Quantitative and Experimental Research Phases of Future Ethnobotany with Reference to the Medicinal Plants of South America (W. Lewis & M. Elvin-Lewis). Ethnopharmacological Search for Antiviral Compounds: Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders by Kayap? Medical Specialists (E. Elisabetsky & D. Posey). Natural Product Chemistry in North-Eastern Brazil (A. Craveiro, et al.). African Medicinal Plants in the Search for New Drugs Based on Ethnobotanical Leads (M. Iwu). Two Decades of Mexican Ethnobotany and Research on Plant-Derived Drugs (X. Lozoya). Ethnobotany and Intellectual Property Rights (J. Barton). Indexes.

Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs

The burden of neoplastic diseases is a significant global health challenge accounting for thousands of deaths. In Uganda, about 32,617 cancer cases were reported in 2018, accompanied by 21,829 deaths. In a view to identify some potential anticancer plant candidates for possible drug development, the current study was designed to compile the inventory of plants with reported anticancer activity used in rural Uganda and the evidences supporting their use in cancer therapy. An electronic survey in multidisciplinary databases revealed that 29 plant species belonging to 28 genera distributed among 24 families have been reported to be used in the management of cancer in Uganda. Anticancer plants were majorly from the families Bignoniaceae (7%), Caricaceae (7%), Fabaceae (7%), Moraceae (7%), and Rutaceae (7%). Most species occur in the wild (52%), though some are cultivated (48%). The growth habit of the plants is as trees (55%) or herbs (45%). Anticancer extracts are usually prepared from leaves (29%), bark (24%), roots (21%), and fruits (13%) through decoctions (53%), as food spices (23%) or pounded to produce ointments that are applied topically (10%). Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, Opuntia species, Albizia coriaria (Welw. ex Oliver), Daucus carota L., Cyperus alatus (Nees) F. Muell., Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum., and Oxalis corniculata L. were the most frequently encountered species. As per global reports, Allium sativum L., Annona muricata L., Carica papaya L., Moringa oleifera Lam., Opuntia species, Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. are the most studied species, with the latter having vincristine and vinblastine anticancer drugs developed from it. Prostate, cervical, breast, and skin cancers are the top traditionally treated malignancies. There is a need to isolate and evaluate the anticancer potential of the bioactive compounds in the unstudied claimed plants, such as Cyperus alatus (Nees) F. Muell., Ficus dawei Hutch., Ficus natalensis Hochst., and Lovoa trichilioides Harms, and elucidate their mechanism of anticancer activity.

/pdf/medicinal-plants-used-in-traditional-management-of-cancer-in-2yw8wz90cv.pdf

Medicinal plants used in traditional management of cancer in Uganda: A review of ethnobotanical surveys, phytochemistry, and anticancer studies

Snakebite envenomation is a serious public health concern in rural areas of Uganda. Snakebites are poorly documented in Uganda because most occur in rural settings where traditional therapists end up being the first-line defense for treatment. Ethnobotanical surveys in Uganda have reported that some plants are used to antagonize the activity of various snake venoms. This review was sought to identify antivenin plants in Uganda and some pharmacological evidence supporting their use. A literature survey done in multidisciplinary databases revealed that 77 plant species belonging to 65 genera and 42 families are used for the treatment of snakebites in Uganda. The majority of these species belong to family Fabaceae (31%), Euphorbiaceae (14%), Asteraceae (12%), Amaryllidaceae (10%) and Solanaceae (10%). The main growth habit of the species is shrubs (41%), trees (33%) and herbs (18%). Antivenin extracts are usually prepared from roots (54%) and leaves (23%) through decoctions, infusions, powders, and juices, and are administered orally (67%) or applied topically (17%). The most frequently encountered species were Allium cepa, Carica papaya, Securidaca longipedunculata, Harrisonia abyssinica, and Nicotiana tabacum. Species with global reports of tested antivenom activity included Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Basella alba, Capparis tomentosa, Carica papaya, Cassia occidentalis, Jatropa carcus, Vernonia cinereal, Bidens pilosa, Hoslundia opposita, Maytensus senegalensis, Securinega virosa, and Solanum incanum. There is need to identify and evaluate the antivenom compounds in the claimed plants.

/pdf/antivenin-plants-used-for-treatment-of-snakebites-in-uganda-3qh0ijhffc.pdf

Antivenin plants used for treatment of snakebites in Uganda: ethnobotanical reports and pharmacological evidences

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022001360/pdf

Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plant extracts from the Asteraceae and Rubiaceae families

Abstract Saccharum officinarum Linn. (sugarcane, Family-Poaceae) is employed in Ibibio traditional medicine for the treatment of various infections and diseases such as malaria. We This study aims to assess the antiplasmodial effect of the leaf extract and fractions on human malaria parasite ( Plasmodium falciparum ) in vitro, and rodent malaria parasite ( P. berghei ) in vivo, and analyse the bioactive components of the active fraction(s). The leaf extract and fractions of S. officinarum were prepared and their growth inhibitory effects tested against the chloroquine resistant P. falciparum strain (Dd2) and P. berghei infection in mice. An acute toxicity of the extract was determined. A combination of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied for metabolites profiling of crude extract and active fractions. The leaf extract and fractions demonstrated moderate activity against P. falciparum with the dichloromethane fraction producing the most potent activity (EC 50 = 15.4 µg/mL). The leaf extract (170–510 mg/kg, p.o., LD 50 = 1732 mg/kg) and fractions demonstrated significant (p &lt; 0.05–0.001) effect on P. berghei infection in prophylactic tests as well as in established infection with n -butanol fractions producing the highest effect. An unusual sulphur-containing compound, dilaurylthiodipropionate, fatty acids, phenolic acids, flavonoid and flavonoid glycoside were identified in the active fractions. These results give credence to the use of sugarcane leaves as malarial remedy locally by confirming the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial potential of leaf extract/fractions of S. officinarum . 

/pdf/in-vitro-and-in-vivo-antimalarial-activity-and-chemical-17btf2p5.pdf

In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and chemical profiling of sugarcane leaves

Aims: The ethno botanical survey conducted was aimed at collecting, identifying ant malarial plants and documenting ethno botanical information on traditional herbal medicines used to treat malaria in Butebo County in Eastern Uganda. Study Design: The ethno botanical survey was conducted using a questionnaire in five Sub Counties each consisting of 10 respondents. Place and Duration of Study: The ethno botanical survey was carried out in Eastern Uganda, in Butebo County, in 2014. Methodology: The plants collected and information documented was got by interviewing respondents using semi–structured, open and closed ended questionnaire that were administered to traditional healers and herb sellers using Snowball sampling method. The most important Original Research Article Philip et al.; EJMP, 21(4): 1-22, 2017; Article no.EJMP.35368 2 information collected included knowledge on the use of medicinal plant species, the local names of plant species, parts of plant used, dosage, methods of herbal preparation and drying, mode of administration, duration of treatment and traditional uses. A total of 50 households were interviewed using questionnaires, ten respondents were selected from each Sub County. Medicinal plants collected were identified and their Voucher specimens deposited at the Department of Botany herbarium Makerere University for future specifications. Results: Thirty three plant species from 30 genera that consisted of (Flueggea virosa (wild) Voigt, Securidaca longipedunculata, Erythrina abyssinica, Melia azedarach, Carrisa edulis Fork, Harrisonia abyssinica Olive., Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl., Psidium guajava, Citrus sinensis, Schkuhria pinnata (lam.), Lantana camara, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica L., Azadirachta indica., Persea americana Mill., Bidens pilosa, Cymbopogon citratus (DC), Plectranthus barbatus, Maytenus senegalensis, Citrus reticulate, Ocimum gratssiumum, Ocimum basilicum, Croton macrostachyus Olive, Oncoba spinosa Forssk, Steganotania araliacea, Acacia sieberiana, Ormocarpum trachycarpum, Acacia hockii De willd, Euclea latideus Staff, Cassia hirsuta, Chamaecrista nigricans Greene, Butyrospermuum paradoxum, and Aristolochia tomentosa (Sims) were identified as being used by communities as antimalarial plants. These belong to 23 families of: Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae, Celastraceae, Meliaceae, Asteraceae, Papillionaceae, Polygalaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Umbelliferae, Sapotaceae, Apocynaceae, Simaroubaceae, Ebenaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Caricaceae, Lauranceae, Myrtaceae, Verbenaceae, Poaceae and Celastraceae. The most frequently used medicinal plants were from the families; Rutaceae and Lamiaceae (13.0% each) that had three plant species each. Ten species (30.3%) were identified and documented for the first time in Uganda to treat malaria including: O. spinosa, S. araliacea, A. sieberiana, O. trachycarpum, A. hockii, E. latideus, C. hirsuta, C. nigricans, A. tomentosa and B. paradoxum. The most commonly used plant part was the root (44.68%), followed by leaves (38.30%), stem (6.38%) each, bark and whole plant (4.30%) each and the least was the seeds with 2.13%. The growth habits included; trees (48.48%), shrubs and herbs (24.24% each) and the climbers with the least percentage of (3.03%). The largest habitant of the medicinal plants was found in the homesteads (21.10%), followed by wooded grassland and garden with (18.20%), grasslands (15.20%), open grassland (9.10%), cultivated and road side (6.10% each), garden edge and forest had the lowest value of 3.0% each. Most of the plant materials were dried in the shade, pounded into a powder and taken orally as water decoctions (76.50%) and infusions (23.50%). Conclusion: Many plants used traditionally for the treatment of malaria were identified and claims of some of the medicinal plants documented in the survey are supported by literature. However the scientific validation of the traditional claims of antimalarial activity of some of these plants not researched on is needed. This includes testing for efficacy, safety (toxicity), antiplasmodial screening and structure elucidation to find out the identity of active compounds present. This would make them considered for future research for active compounds and the possible synthesis of new, cheaper and more effective ant malarial drugs. This would help in conserving and sustainable use of the ant malarial plants. Therefore it is necessary to carry out research to solve these problems so that the lives of people are not at risk.

Ethnobotanical Survey of Antimalarial Medicinal Plants Used in Butebo County, Eastern Uganda

Aims: The medicinal plant Oncoba spinosa is used by the local communities in Butebo County in Eastern Uganda for treatment of malaria and other diseases. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of the crude extracts and isolated compounds were screened against chloroquine sensitive 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains. In vivo acute toxicity of the extracts and structure elucidation were also determined in the study. \nExperimental: Crude extracts of: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol were prepared. Isolation and purification of these extracts were done using chromatographic techniques which consisted of column and thin layer chromatography. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was performed on chloroquine sensitive 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum using SYBR Green 1 assay technique. Lorke’s method of acute toxicity was used to determine the in vivo acute toxicity of the crude extracts in mice. \nResults: The root ethyl acetate crude extract had highest antiplasmodial activity of IC50:4.69 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 3.52 ± 0.02 µg/mL against 3D7 and Dd2 strains respectively while the remaining three were inactive against both strains of Plasmodium. Isolation resulted in the identification of three known compounds which included: β-sitosterol, benzoic acid and chaulmoogric acid. Among the tested compounds β-sitosterol showed the highest activity of IC50 3D7: 5.51 µM. Dichloromethane and hexane extracts were non-toxic with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg while the EtOAc and MeOH extracts were slightly toxic with LD50 of 547.72 mg/kg. Statistically significance existed between the antiplasmodial activity of the crude extracts and compounds when compared with the controls at (p < 0.05). Extracts and compounds exerted a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in antiplasmodial activity compared to the positive controls. \nConclusion: The findings confirm the ethnobotanical use of O. spinosa by the local communities in Butebo County for the treatment of malaria. The results also suggest that the crude extract of this plant is safe and possesses antimalarial activity which can be used as a basis for in vivo and clinical studies to be done. Therefore the plant can offer a potential drug lead for developing a safe, effective and affordable antimalarial.

/pdf/assessment-of-antiplasmodial-activity-and-toxicity-of-crude-9ad5bpi148.pdf

Assessment of Antiplasmodial Activity and Toxicity of Crude Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Oncoba spinosa (Flacourtiaceae)

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Ethnobotanical Survey of Antimalarial Medicinal Plants Used in Butebo County, Eastern Uganda

Assessment of Antiplasmodial Activity and Toxicity of Crude Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Oncoba spinosa (Flacourtiaceae)