This paper proposes a definition and a descriptive model of destructive leadership behaviour. Destructive leadership behaviour is defined as the systematic and repeated behaviour by a leader, supervisor or manager that violates the legitimate interest of the organisation by undermining and/or sabotaging the organisation's goals, tasks, resources, and effectiveness and/or the motivation, well-being or job satisfaction of his/her subordinates. Three categories of such destructive leadership are identified in the proposed model: tyrannical, derailed, and supportive–disloyal leadership behaviour. The model may provide a useful link between the field of leadership and research on bullying, counterproductive behaviour, and aggression at work. The model contributes to a more nuanced concept of destructive leadership showing how destructive leadership behaviours also may have constructive elements.

Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model.

The aim of the study is to test the assumption that laissez-faire leadership behavior is not a type of zero-leadership, but a type of destructive leadership behavior that shows systematic relationships with workplace stressors, bullying at work, and psychological distress. A survey of 2,273 Norwegian employees was conducted and analyzed. Laissez-faire leadership was positively correlated with role conflict, role ambiguity, and conflicts with coworkers. Path modeling showed that these stressors mediated the effects of laissez-faire leadership on bullying at work and that the effects of laissez-faire leadership on distress were mediated through the workplace stressors, especially through exposure to bullying. The results support the assumption that laissez-faire leadership behavior is a destructive leadership behavior.

pdf/the-destructiveness-of-laissez-faire-leadership-behavior-affwp9r4vt.pdf

The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior.

Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application.

In the broad perspective chemical communication has been the subject of several recent reviews (Wilson 138; Johnston, Moulton & Turk 59; Wilson 137). The present review will be more restrictive; we will deal with one as­ pect of chemical communication in one class of vertebrates, i.e., olfaction in the Mammalia. For the purposes of this review, olfactory communication is defined as the process whereby a chemical signal is generated by a presumptive sender and transmitted (generally through the air) to a presumptive receiver who by means of adequate receptors can identify, integrate, and respond (either be­ haviorally or physiologically) to the signal. It is assumed that the sender-re­ ceiver relationship is in some way the result of natural selection so that signal production by the sender leads to an increased likelihood that the sender or the species will benefit from the transmission of the message; the whole pro­ cess of communication is subject to the pressures of natural selection. A chemical signal which serves to trigger a response in a conspecific re­ ceiver is generally referred to as a pheromone (Wilson 137)-in contrast to an allomone, which is a signal used to communicate with a member of an­ other species (Brown 16). By thus defining olfactory communication, we have eliminated from consideration in this review problems of food selection, habitat selection, etc, which do involve the chemical senses but which result from different sorts of interactions of the organism with the environment. Olfactory communication has certain advantages, since it allows a re­ ceiver to assess certain parameters of its social environment very specifically. There is a disadvantage to chemical communication since in general there is no inherent directionality in the propagation of the signal and, in order to orient toward the source of chemical information, the presumptive receiver must make use of a gradient. The "active space" of a chemical signal has been the subject of extensive discussion by Wilson (137) and Wilson & Bos­ sert (139). A tremendous advantage of using chemical signals instead of vi­ sual and auditory ones is that chemical traces persist for some period of time

Olfactory Communication in Mammals

https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/35860.pdf

Sexual behavior in male rodents.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1016/S0952-8733(99)00022-7.pdf

Laissez-faire in research education — an inquiry into a Swedish doctoral program

The administration of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor 5hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) (25mg/kg IP), in combination with an inhibitor of peripheral 5-HTP decarboxylase, produced a dose-dependent increase in the ejaculation latency of male rats, and this effect was enhanced by additional treatment with the 5-HT1 receptor antagonist (−)-pindolol (2mg/kg SC). The 5-HT2A/C receptor agonist (±)1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) (0.125–0.5mg/kg SC) did not by itself affect male ejaculatory behavior, but additional treatment with (−)-pindolol (2mg/kg SC) produced a dose-dependent decrease in number of ejaculating animals. The increased ejaculation latency produced by 5-HTP was fully antagonized by treatment with the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist isamoltane (4mg/kg SC), but not by ritanserin (2mg/kg SC) treatment. The selective 5HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (0.15mg/kg SC) enhanced the inhibitory actions of 5-HTP on the male rat ejaculatory behavior, and this dose of WAY-100635 fully antagonized 8-OH-DPAT-induced facilitation (0.25mg/kg SC) of the ejaculatory behavior. WAY-100635 (0.04–0.60mg/kg SC) did not, by itself, significantly affect male rat sexual behavior. Taken together, the results suggest an inhibitory role for postsynaptic 5-HT1B receptors in the effects produced by 5-HTP on male rat ejaculatory behavior. Furthermore, 5-HTP-induced inhibition of male rat ejaculatory behavior is partially controlled by stimulation of inhibitory 5-HT1A autoreceptors, since the effects of 5-HTP were accentuated by treatment with (−)-pindolol, as well as by the more selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635.

Evidence for an involvement of 5-HT1B receptors in the inhibition of male rat ejaculatory behavior produced by 5-HTP

Male rats in one group were 5-6 months of age and in another group 20-24 months. These were allowed to copulate under two conditions. At one occasion they mated without any interference of the experimenter and at another they were handled approximately twice a minute. The older males, although sexually less vigorous than the younger males when copulating under non-handling conditions, when handled became quite as active as the younger males. It was concluded that the mating activity is determined not only by sexual stimuli but by non-sexual stimuli as well, and that the decrease in sexual activity characteristic to the old rat can be compensated for by an increase in the non-sexual sensory stimulation of the animal.

Non-Specific Stimulation and Sexual Behaviour in the Male Rat

Failure of gonadal and gonadotrophic hormones to compensate for an impaired sexual function in anosmic male rats

[The sexual activity of male rats which had not been engaged in heterosexual activity was compared with that of others having a certain amount of sexual experience. The development of the pattern of behaviour in the later group was followed from 105 days of age to 138. It was found that: 1. Continuous changes in the sexual behaviour occurred, the frequency of ejaculations per hour increased, the number of intromissions before ejaculation decreased, the duration of the series of copulations preceding an ejaculation was shortened and the post-ejaculatory latency was shortened. 2. Comparing experienced with non-experienced rats of the same age it became evident that learning intervened only determining the lengths of the post-ejaculatory latencies the other components being unaffected. It is concluded that individual experience affects the length of the post-ejaculatory latency, other changes appearing in the pattern of behaviour with increasing age dependent on maturing processes in the biological organism., The sexual activity of male rats which had not been engaged in heterosexual activity was compared with that of others having a certain amount of sexual experience. The development of the pattern of behaviour in the later group was followed from 105 days of age to 138. It was found that: 1. Continuous changes in the sexual behaviour occurred, the frequency of ejaculations per hour increased, the number of intromissions before ejaculation decreased, the duration of the series of copulations preceding an ejaculation was shortened and the post-ejaculatory latency was shortened. 2. Comparing experienced with non-experienced rats of the same age it became evident that learning intervened only determining the lengths of the post-ejaculatory latencies the other components being unaffected. It is concluded that individual experience affects the length of the post-ejaculatory latency, other changes appearing in the pattern of behaviour with increasing age dependent on maturing processes in the biological organism.]

Experience and Maturation in the Development of Sexual Behaviour in Male Puberty Rat

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