In this paper we provide a conceptual model to examine changes in ecosystem state during the transition from terrestrial forest to shallow estuarine environments for coastal mainland marshes at the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR), United States of America. Ecosystem states are characterized by plant community dominants and soil/sediment characteristics. The five states considered are upland or wetland forest, organic high marsh, intertidal mineral low marsh, autotrophic benthic with or without submersed aquatic vascular plants, and heterotrophic benthic (estuarine bottom). Transitions between states are described from the perspective of a fixed forest location undergoing transition from one ecosystem state to another. Rising sea level is acknowledged as the master variable that forces the process of change overall. Each state is hypothesized to have self-maintaining properties and thus is resistant to change from rising sea level; alternatively, transitions between states are facilitated by disturbance or exposure to acute stress. For change to occur, resistance must be overcome by events that are more abrupt than rising sea level and that appear as accentuated pulsings, which result in another self-maintaining and resistant state. Such events facilitate plant species replacement and alter sediment conditions. Mechanisms responsible for causing a state to cross a threshold are unique for each transition type and include brackish-water intrusion (osmotic stress and sulfide toxicity), tidal creek encroachment (redistribution of sediments), erosive currents and waves (resuspension of sediments, which increases light extinction), and increasing water depth (leads to greater bottom shading). Field experiments relevant to scales at which pulsings occur are not abundant in coastal marshes.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1352383

Multiple states in the sea-level induced transition from terrestrial forest to estuary

LBL-1210lc, Reprint Published in ESTUARIES, Volume 3, No. 4, December 1980,pp, 242-247 SEASONAL OXYGEN DEPLETION IN CHESAPEAKE BAY Jay L. Taft, W. Rowland Taylor, Eric 0. Hartwig, and Randy Loftus January 1981 TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy; call Tech. Info. Division; Ext. 6782. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48

Seasonal oxygen depletion in chesapeake bay

Characterization of microbial communities using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).

\n Phosphorus (P) enrichment to streams, lakes, and estuaries is increasing throughout the United States. P loading is typically viewed from a harmful algal bloom perspective; if added P causes excess growths of phytoplankton or macroalgae, it may become targeted for control. However, P loading also contributes to two other non–algae-based aquatic problems. Field and experimental evidence shows that P loading directly stimulates growth of aquatic bacteria, which can increase to concentrations that exert a significant biochemical oxygen demand on water bodies, contributing to hypoxia, a widespread impairment. Experimental evidence also demonstrates that fecal bacterial growth can be significantly stimulated by P loading, increasing health risks through exposure or the consumption of contaminated shellfish and causing economic losses from beach and shellfish area closures. Resource managers need to look beyond algal bloom stimulation and should consider the broader roles that excess P loading can have on ecosystem function and microbiological safety for humans.

The Hidden Impacts of Phosphorus Pollution to Streams and Rivers

https://uncw.edu/cms/aelab/Reports%20and%20Publications/2012/2012,MPB,Pollution%20Impacts%20to%20CAHA.pdf

Pollutant impacts to Cape Hatteras National Seashore from urban runoff and septic leachate.

Bacterial biornass, abundance, and product~vity were greater in 3 tidal marsh creeks on the Chesapeake Bay side of the lower Delmarva Peninsula than in nearby creeks of the seaside coastal lagoon complex (biomass: 462 and 71 ng C ml' ; abundance: 12 X 10' and 3.8 X 106 cells ml-l ; productivity: 46 and 7.3 ng C rnl-' h-'; bayside and seaside respectively). Bacterial cell-size distributions were also significantly different between the seaside and bayside creeks, with a larger proportion of smaller cells dominating samples from the seaside creeks. Bayside and seaside concentrat~ons of total suspended solids (TSS) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were similar (approximately 49 mg 1.' TSS and 3.5 mg I ' DOC) The amount of organic matter (OM) and chlorophyll a was higher in the bayside creeks, while inorganic N and P concentrations were higher in the seaside creeks (OM. 9 0 and 3.4 mg 1 l ; chlorophyll a. 6 0 and 4.1 g 1.'; PO," 0.2 and 1.2 FM; NH,' 0.6 and 1.2 ubI; bayside and seaside respectively). The high inorganic nutrient pools combined with the low levels of bacterial productivity suggest that bacterial production is not l~nli ted by N or P in the seaside creeks and that the amount of carbon moving through the bacterial loop is much less than on the bayside. In fact, DOC turnover times were much longer for the seaside (22 d ) than for the bayside (6 d ) . Reasons for the observed differences in bacterial dynamics for the bay and seasides are not known specifically, but may be related to differences in the source of the DOC (marsh grass vs phytoplankton), grazlng on the bacterial cells, or bacterial community structure

/pdf/comparison-of-bacterial-dynamics-in-tidal-creeks-of-the-3ntdwertqr.pdf

Comparison of bacterial dynamics in tidal creeks of the lower Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia, USA

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Comparison of bacterial dynamics in tidal creeks of the lower Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia, USA