Current challenges in membrane separation of CO2 from natural gas: A review

Upgrading biogas, i.e., the removal of CO2 from CH4 is an attractive regenerative energy as it is supplied continuously. Conventional upgrading techniques such as absorption or adsorption require significant amounts of energy and require equipment of large size. Hence, we give an overview on gas permeation membrane processes which are applied in biogas upgrading. Here, we consider the upgrading process as a whole. The multiscale design of membrane-based gas separation is analyzed in detail. Membrane materials, gas permeation modules and their respective operation as well as gas permeation processes for biogas upgrading are investigated. Applying gas permeation modules, compression of the feed gas should be used since it is energy efficient for gases with high amounts of CO2. Single stage gas permeation processes are not able to produce a high CH4 purity and simultaneously obtain a high CH4 recovery. Hence, multistage concepts are mandatory. Membrane-based upgrading systems are an interesting alternative to conventional biogas upgrading equipment and we expect that they will significantly contribute to the energy supply of the future.

Transforming biogas into biomethane using membrane technology

Transport of organic vapors through poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne)

The aim of this review paper is to give an overview of the research activities of GKSS in the field of polymer based membranes. After summarizing the historic development of membrane science at GKSS, it describes different classes of polymeric materials for membranes, and the characterization of membranes. The design of membrane-based separation processes followed by examples of applications will also be presented. In the last chapter we will try to give an outlook for the future activities in membrane research.

Developments in Membrane Research: from Material via Process Design to Industrial Application

A semiconductor device includes a gate electrode formed on a silicon substrate via a gate insulation film in correspondence to a channel region, source and drain regions of a p-type diffusion region formed in the silicon substrate at respective outer sides of sidewall insulation films of the gate electrode, and a pair of SiGe mixed crystal regions formed in the silicon substrate at respective outer sides of the sidewall insulation films in epitaxial relationship to the silicon substrate, the SiGe mixed crystal regions being defined by respective sidewall surfaces facing with each other, wherein, in each of the SiGe mixed crystal regions, the sidewall surface is defined by a plurality of facets forming respective, mutually different angles with respect to a principal surface of the silicon substrate.

Semiconductor device and fabrication method thereof

A method of removing organic compounds from an air/permanent gas mixture. This mixture, as untreated medium, is conveyed to a first gas separation membrane and is divided into a filtrate gas stream that is concentrated with organic compounds and a retained gas stream that is depleted of organic compounds. The concentrated filtrate is conveyed to a recovery device for the recovery of organic compounds therefrom. The pressure of the air/permanent gas mixture is raised prior to entry thereof into the first gas separation membrane. The pressure of the concentrated filtrate is reduced after exit thereof from the first gas separation membrane. The depleted gas stream is discharged into the atmosphere, and the gas stream that exits the recovery device is returned to the air/permanent gas mixture at some point subsequent to the pressure increase thereof.

Method of separating organic compounds from air/permanent gas mixtures

Membranen: Grundlagen, Verfahren und industrielle Anwendungen

Process for separating and/or recovering gases from gas and/ or gas vapour mixtures (11) by means of a membrane separating device (12, 16) to which the gasand/or gas vapour mixture (11) is supplied, the latter being separated in the membrane separating device (12, 16) into a permeate (14, 18), which is enriched with gas, and a retentate (13, 17), which is deplet-ed of gas. A first membrane separating device (b) (12) and a downstream second membrane separating device (a) (16) are provided, to which is supplied (at its inlet end) the retentate (13) from the first membrane separating device (b) (12), the first membrane separating device (b) (12) having a membrane (15) which is selective for higher hydrocarbons in the gas and/or gas vapour mixture (11) to be separated and in that the second membrane separating device (a) ( 16) has a membrane (19) which is selective for gases of small molecular diameter.

Multi-stage process for the separation/recovery of gases

In an arrangement for removing water vapor from pressurized gases or gas mixtures, particularly from air, a membrane separating apparatus is provided wherein the gas-vapor stream is separated into a vapor-enriched permeate stream and a vapor-depleted retentate stream and the vapor enriched permeate stream is conducted to a vacuum pumping device for generating at the permeate side of the membrane separating apparatus a vacuum providing for a predetermined trans-membrane pressure ratio.

Arrangement for removing water vapor from pressurized gases or gas mixtures

The invention pertains to a method for measuring the concentration of dissolved gases in a liquid [( 39 )], especially of CO 2 in beverages, in which the liquid [( 39 )] is passed across the retentate side [( 140 )] of a membrane [( 14 )] that is at least partially permeable to the dissolved gas, and [in which] the volumetric flow of the permeated gas on permeate side [( 16 )] of the membrane [( 14 )] is determined, the temperature of the liquid [( 39 )] is measured, and the concentration of the dissolved gas in the liquid [( 39 )] is calculated from these values. In this, the thickness of the membrane [( 14 )] can be pre-selected as a function of the flow rate of the liquid [( 39 )] flowing along the retentate side [( 140 )].

Method for measuring the concentration of a dissolved gas in a fluid

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