The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling, by Nilufer Gole. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. 140 pages. Notes to p. 159. Bibl. to p. 167. Index to p. 173. $42.50 cloth; $15.95 paper. The Forbidden Modern was originally published in Turkish in 1991 as Modern Mahrem (Metis Publishers). It is a valuable addition to the studies of the veiling of women within contemporary "Islamist" movements. Nilufer Gole joins the ranks of such writers as Fadwa El-Guindi and Sherifa Zuhur writing on Egypt, and Fatima Mernissi and Germaine Tillion writing more generally on the Islamic world, in trying to understand a phenomenon that is widely misunderstood and that is the subject of much debate both within the Middle East and beyond. Gole also seeks to view veiled women as social actors in their own right, not merely as agents for Islamist movements. Gole writes primarily for academics, but she recognizes the relevance of her work for other audiences, including: the mass media, both regional and global; dichotomous groups of secularists and Islamists in Muslim societies, especially in Turkey; and policy makers both within the Middle East and in the West. She should be applauded for moving beyond the stance taken by many secularist Turkish intellectuals who wrote in the past. She exemplifies a growing and transforming recognition among Turkish social scientists of the importance of Islam as a topic of research. Her project began with a historical event, the "post-1983 Islamist veiling movement of university students" in Turkey (p. 2). She eschews approaches that use "external" factors such as economic deprivation and social alienation to provide either theological or political explanations of veiling. She favors instead an approach that incorporates interpretations by the Islamist actors themselves, namely, the women who choose to don the veil. Thus, she utilizes a theoretical approach that "originates from the question of 'meaning' rather than from a relationship of 'causality' " (p. 87). Gole begins with a stimulating introduction outlining the theoretical issues that inform her approach: "This book explores the significance of the veiling movement in Turkey through a multilayered analysis of power relations ranging from . . private gender relations to . . . [the] encounter between civilizations" (p. 1). As a study of the "embeddedness of gender" in Islamism and modernism (p. 1), the book also illustrates the power of gender studies to illuminate large social and political realities. In the following two chapters, Gole's historical analysis illuminates the "civilization project" that occupied first the Ottoman and then the Republican Turkish elite from at least the Tanzimat reform period (1839-1876). …

The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling

Islamization of Turkey under the AKP Rule

The New Encyclopedia of Islam

Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey

Religious institutions have currently emerged as more powerful actors than ever before in many Muslim countries. This matter necessitates reassessing the role of organized religion in policy-making processes in such countries. This paper is a comparative study, analyzing the role of the religious institutions, as pressure groups, in government policy in Pakistan and Turkey. Since there have been very few research projects working on comparative studies on religious pressure groups in Muslim-majority countries, this paper seeks to fill the gap through secondary research. The findings indicate that in Turkey, the common aims and interests have bound the Islamic parties and institutions together, currently emerging as a powerful political actor, challenging the strict secular system of the country. Nonetheless, the Pakistani institutions have increasingly exchanged violence for the implementation of Islamic law. The Turkish Islamic movement have a more united structure than the Pakistani ones. Nonetheless, the role and status of such groups have significantly changed over time in both countries. Likewise, amongst the two countries’ religious institutions, the Turkish mostly use civic tactics to gain power from the people, while the Pakistani ones undertake sabotage activities as leverage against the government.

https://jep.sbu.ac.ir/article_87386_4708506427df12872894f87e1d04f37e.pdf

Comparative Public Policy and Religious Pressure Groups in Turkey and Pakistan

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Comparative Public Policy and Religious Pressure Groups in Turkey and Pakistan