It has been determined that the exceptional characteristics of MXenes are of great interest in a variety of newly developed applications. MXenes, on the other hand, have a number of drawbacks, the most significant of which is that their general manufacturing in large-scale production requires the use of ecologically hazardous and poisonous compounds, as well as a solid-state reaction at high temperature, which is then followed by selective etching. In this regard, the manner in which MXenes are manufactured is critical to determining their final applications. Thus, it is very necessary to develop strategic ways to synthesize MXenes that are safer, greener, more ecologically friendly, and more sustainable in order to put them on the market at a competitive price. It is very necessary to assemble, review, and synthesize the most recent advancements in the green-related innovation of MXenes since there are a rising number of publications on green synthesis involving technological advances and non-toxic substances. Replacing traditional synthesis methods with green MXenes, physically based rapid generation of MAX phases, molten salt process for the green synthesis of MAX phases, nanoparticulate MAX phase based on the sol-gel process, HF etchant replacement with safer chemicals, electrochemical exfoliation, and nanobioagents can result in more environmentally friendly, efficient, and safer MXenes for future environmental, biomedicine, energy saving, catalysis, and sensors. Our primary focus is on the core synthetic procedure, the mechanism, and the overall benefits, with a particular emphasis on the MXene features that have been passed down from these green synthesis approaches. The growing uses green MXenes in the fields of environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage, and biomedicine are discussed in this article. In conclusion, the remaining obstacles and potential benefits of more environmentally friendly MXene production are reviewed. 

On the horizon of greener pathways to travel into a greener future portal: Green MXenes, environment-friendly synthesis, and their innovative applications

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has garnered significant attention due to its potential for facilitating the cost-effective utilization of renewable energy and large-scale power storage. However, the limited electrochemical activity of the electrode in vanadium redox reactions poses a challenge in achieving a high-performance VRFB. Consequently, there is a pressing need to assess advancements in electrodes to inspire innovative approaches for enhancing electrode structure and composition. This work categorizes three-dimensional (3D) electrodes derived from materials such as foam, biomass, and electrospun fibers. By employing a flexible electrode design and compositional functionalization, high-speed mass transfer channels and abundant active sites for vanadium redox reactions can be created. Furthermore, the incorporation of 3D electrocatalysts into the electrodes is discussed, including metal-based, carbon-based, and composite materials. The strong interaction and ordered arrangement of these nanocomposites have an influence on the uniformity and stability of the surface charge distribution, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of the composite electrodes. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of VRFB are explored through advancements in 3D electrodes, 3D electrocatalysts, and mechanisms. It is hoped that this review will inspire the development of methodology and concept of 3D electrodes in VRFB, so as to promote the future development of scientific energy storage and conversion technology. 

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery: Review and Perspective of 3D Electrodes

Invited viewpoint: pathways to low-cost MXene synthesis

Hybrid nano-architectural engineering of Ti3C2Tx MXene heterostructures for supercapacitor applications: A review

The fusion of conducting polymers with a two-dimensional (2D) structured MXene is regarded as an innovative solution in the realm of electrical energy storage, offering the potential to address the global energy supply challenge. These materials are an excellent candidate for supercapacitors (SCs). Various materials with conductivity can be utilized as effective electrodes in the context of SC applications. However, among these options, MXene stands out as a novel category of 2D materials with numerous advantageous attributes tailored for SC applications. However, the accumulation of MXene plates during synthesis reduces their capacity and performance. While techniques like sonication and the incorporation of metal ions as intercalating agents have gained popularity, employing conducting polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) emerges as a suitable resolution. The objective of this paper is to explore how different conducting polymers like PANI, PPy, and PEDOT influence the structure and characteristics of MXene. The study involves an examination of alterations in capacitance, electrical conductivity, and current density within supercapacitors utilizing MXene and these conducting polymers. This polymer significantly influences plate dispersion and MXene stability, offering a potential solution to enhance the efficiency of MXene in addressing the efficiency challenge. This article aims to investigate the effect of combining diverse conducting polymers on the SCs properties of the MXene and provide a vision for the future. 

Recent advances in MXene-based composite materials with conducting polymers for supercapacitors

MXene, a two-dimensional (2D) carbide, carbonitride, and nitride, was discovered in 2011. A certain number of elements in the periodic table have contributed to the synthesis of MXene from the beginning to the present. Most researchers, however, are focused on a particular type of MXene, Ti3C2Tx, although the scientific community seldom considers the synthesis cost of this outstanding and potentially helpful substance. Herein, we explore the cost of MXene by going through each stage of the production process. Instead, the actual cost may vary by a small margin due to differences in the materials and procedures. However, this study provides a clear understanding of the cost, which is governed by the steps directly involved in the synthesis and characterization of MXene. The cost associated with various essential characterization tools like scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) is necessary to ensure the successful synthesis of MXene. All local expenses are converted into USD, except for the instrumental life cycle analysis and infrastructure cost values. The cost of each gram of MXene is predicted to be $20.33. The predicted cost is close to the market price of MXene, proving the accuracy of the cost calculation presented in this research. This work will assist the scientific community in planning and optimizing MXene's synthesis procedures so that the production cost can be potentially reduced if this material is produced on a larger scale. 

Cost analysis of MXene for low-cost production, and pinpointing of its economic footprint

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a highly regarded technology for large-scale energy storage due to its outstanding features, such as scalability, efficiency, long lifespan, and site independence. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of its performance in carbon-based electrodes, along with a comprehensive review of the system's principles and mechanisms. It discusses potential applications, recent industrial involvement, and economic factors associated with VRFB technology. The study also covers the latest advancements in VRFB electrodes, including electrode surface modification and electrocatalyst materials, and highlights their effects on the VRFB system's performance. Additionally, the potential of two-dimensional material MXene to enhance electrode performance is evaluated, and the author concludes that MXenes offer significant advantages for use in high-power VRFB at a low cost. Finally, the paper reviews the challenges and future development of VRFB technology.

Evolution of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery in Electrode.

MXenes are layered 2D materials with fascinating properties such as large surface area, good electrical conductivity, good chemical, and electrochemical stabilities, etc. However, the high cost of MAX phases remains a major bottleneck for the large-scale synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene for industrial applications. This motivated us to strategically design a method for the large-scale synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene using low-cost waste-derived precursors. Initially, we used carbon soot obtained from car exhaust as a low-cost carbon precursor for the synthesis of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase. Further, the Ti3C2Tx MXene is synthesized from this MAX phase with better purity. Furthermore, the Ti3C2Tx MXene-activated carbon (AC) composite is prepared and coated over a natural biodegradable sponge (NBS) in order to use it as an efficient photothermal/solar absorber to produce steam using solar energy. The NBS layer exhibits a microporous structure that provides adequate water transportation and concentrated heat for interfacial water evaporation whereas the Ti3C2Tx MXene and AC provide large surface area and stability to the absorber. The Ti3C2Tx MXene-AC@NBS composite successfully produced solar evaporation rates of up to 1.8 kg m2/h with a solar steam conversion efficiency of 89.82% with one sun solar irradiation. 

Low-cost Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based Sponge for Solar Steam Generation and Clean Water Production

Abstract Polymer matrix composites composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and MXenes (Ti3C2T x ) are synthesized using direct solution blending and casting techniques. MXenes are a new family of two-dimensional materials. Both optical and conductivity properties of the resulting PMMA-MXene nanocomposite thin films are studied as a function of MXene concentration, for the first time. The resulting thin films are in the micrometer range (8.10–8.80 µm) in thickness. As the concentration of MXenes increases, the PMMA embeds MXenes, causing structural disturbance but without any change in the crystal structure. The MXene thickness in single-layered structure is 15–20 nm. Optical investigations such as UV-Vis absorption, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and band gap have been reported to study the light absorption of nanocomposites. Resistivity measurement associated with electrical conductivity is studied. The relationship between optical responses and electrical conductivity is discussed. When compared to pure PMMA (1 × 10−14 to 1 × 10−13 S m−1), nanocomposites have electrical conductivity that is more than 3,000 times higher. The nanocomposites containing 15 wt% MXenes had the highest conductivity of 1.35 × 10−3 S m−1. Both the conductivity improvement and tunable optical findings accelerate the route of integrating MXenes into polymers to create more promising multifunctional composites for optoelectronic applications such as conductive electrodes, thin film transistors, and logic circuits.

Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications

Enhancing methanol oxidation reaction with platinum–ruthenium embedded MXene: Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties

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