A fuel cell configuration operable to provide a more uniform heat distribution within the fuel cell configuration is disclosed. A reactant gas, liquid or suspended solid (slurry) is circulated through the fuel cell configuration in such a manner that inherently hotter portions of the fuel cell are cooled. The more uniform heat distribution can enhance fuel cell life and operating characteristics.

Fuel cell module

In one aspect, the invention provides a steam generation apparatus that is liquid fuel fired and addresses conversion of gaseous fuel SIB units to operate with liquid fuel. The invention also relates to a conversion unit for a steam injection boiler, a method for converting a steam injection boiler from gas firing to possible liquid fuel firing and a method for generating steam from a liquid fuel source. The invention employs a fired heater for heating the liquid fuel to a temperature suitable for firing and preheats the water to compensate for the shortfall in heat liberation when a gas boiler is converted to use liquid fuel. In another aspect of the invention, production of steam is achievable consistently by employing step-up heaters with a steam injection boiler. The heaters being connected in parallel to continue heating the water/steam to achieve a higher quality steam over that produced in the boiler while minimizing consideration as to the adverse effects of coil fouling in the boiler.

Steam generation apparatus and method

A fuel processor (15) that produces hydrogen (39) from a fuel source (29). The fuel processor (15) comprises a reformer (32) and a burner (30). The reformer (32) includes a catalyst for production of the hydrogen (39). Voluminous reformer chambers increase the amount of catalyst used in the reformer (32) and consequently increase hydrogen production for given fuel processor size. The burner (30) provides heat to the reformer (32). One or multiple burners can surround the reformer on multiple sides to increase heat transfer. Dewars (150) can be used to further increase thermal management of the fuel processor (15) and increase burner efficiency. A dewar (150) includes one or more dewar chambers that receive inlet air (31) before the burner (30) receives the air (31). The air (31) is preheated in the dewar (150) chamber using heat generated by the burner (30).

Annular fuel processor and methods

The present invention relates to a process of reducing sulfur- or nitrogen-containing compounds and also producing oxygenates, which can be used as an excellent octane booster in the reformulated gasoline and as a cetane booster for the future oxygenated diesel in a one-pot reaction.

Process for the reduction of sulfur, nitrogen and the production of useful oxygenates from hydrocarbon materials via one-pot selective oxidation

The invention relates to a fuel processor that produces hydrogen from a fuel. The fuel processor comprises a reformer and a heater. The reformer includes a catalyst that facilitates the production of hydrogen from the fuel; the heater provides heat to the reformer. Multipass reformer and heater chambers are described that reduce fuel processor size. Single layer fuel processors include reformer and heater chambers in a compact form factor that is well suited for portable applications. Some fuel processors described herein place an electrically resistive material in contact with a thermally conductive material to heat fuel entering the fuel processor. This is particularly useful during start-up of the fuel processor. Fuel processors described may also include features that facilitate assembly.

Fuel processor for use with portable fuel cells

The compact steam reformer of the present invention integrally comprises a housing; a reforming reactor having an upper mixing compartment for mixing natural gas and steam and a lower compartment for accommodating a catalyst bed; a natural gas feeding coiled pipe through which natural gas is introduced while being heated; a steam generating coiled pipe in which pure water is converted to steam by the exhaust; a metal fiber burner for heating the reforming reactor; a high-temperature converter for primarily removing carbon monoxide from a synthetic gas; a low-temperature converter for secondarily reducing the carbon monoxide level of the synthetic gas; and a heat exchanger, provided between the high-temperature converter and the low-temperature converter, for cooling the gas effluent from the high-temperature converter.

Compact steam reformer

The present invention relates to a method for preparing aromatic carboxylic acid from alkylaromatics by liquid-phase oxidation. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for preparing aromatic carboxylic acid from alkylaromatics by oxidation in acetic acid as solvent with oxygen-containing gas in the presence of cobalt/manganese/bromine complex catalyst, wherein nickel and carbon dioxide in an appropriate amount are added to increase an activity of cobalt/manganese/bromine complex catalyst. Especially nickel has a synergistic effect with carbon dioxide and maximize the to formation of the desired product having the corresponding carboxylic groups to the number of alkyl groups in a reactant.

Method for preparing aromatic carboxylic acids from alkylaromatics by liquid-phase oxidation

(57) [Summary] [PROBLEMS] To achieve uniform heating by using a cylindrical metal fiber burner as a heat supply source to achieve uniform compactness by integrally configuring the components of a steam reforming unit. Reducing the temperature gradient of the bed to maximize the efficiency of the reforming reaction, Provided is a compact steam reforming apparatus capable of simplifying the entire system and reducing facilities and operating costs by generating steam using combustion exhaust gas to increase energy use efficiency. SOLUTION: A coil-shaped heat exchanger provided in the center of a main body for generating steam and preheating natural gas, a reforming reactor having a mixed zone of steam and natural gas, and the heat exchange In order to supply heat required for the reaction to the outside of the reformer and the reforming reactor, a cylindrical metal fiber burner installed at a predetermined interval from the reforming reactor, and a high-temperature conversion reactor outside the reforming reactor A heat exchanger for controlling the temperature of the low-temperature conversion reactor, and a low-temperature conversion reactor, A passage is provided between the reforming reactor and the high-temperature and low-temperature conversion reactor for preventing overheating and for primary preheating of reactant water and natural gas.

Compact steam reforming system

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing an aromatic carboxylic acid by liquid phase of an alkylaromatic compound, particularly a highly improved method for producing the aromatic carboxylic acid, not only improving reaction activity of a conventional cobalt/manganese/boron catalyst system drastically, but capable of reducing also side reaction including combustion and maximizing yield of a product having carboxylic groups corresponding to number of alkyl group in the reactant, namely desired product and having high economical efficiency and capable of suppressing risk of explosion and having safety. SOLUTION: This method for producing an aromatic carboxylic acid is characterized by adding nickel metal and carbon dioxide to the reaction system in the method for producing the aromatic carboxylic acid by oxidizing the alkylaromatic acid and partially oxidized intermediate with an oxide-containing gas in a liquid phase reaction system using acetic acid in the presence of cobalt/ manganese/boron catalyst.

Method for producing aromatic carboxylic acid by liquid- phase oxidation of alkylaromatic compound

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Compact steam reformer

Method for preparing aromatic carboxylic acids from alkylaromatics by liquid-phase oxidation

Compact steam reforming system

Method for producing aromatic carboxylic acid by liquid- phase oxidation of alkylaromatic compound