There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. In response to IFNs, Toll-like receptor engagement, or IL-4/IL-13 signaling, macrophages undergo M1 (classical) or M2 (alternative) activation, which represent extremes of a continuum in a universe of activation states. Progress has now been made in defining the signaling pathways, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying M1-M2 or M2-like polarized activation. Functional skewing of mononuclear phagocytes occurs in vivo under physiological conditions (e.g., ontogenesis and pregnancy) and in pathology (allergic and chronic inflammation, tissue repair, infection, and cancer). However, in selected preclinical and clinical conditions, coexistence of cells in different activation states and unique or mixed phenotypes have been observed, a reflection of dynamic changes and complex tissue-derived signals. The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

/pdf/macrophage-plasticity-and-polarization-in-vivo-veritas-3j0n8qsu6m.pdf

Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas

Information Theory and Reliable Communication

Macrophages are strategically located throughout the body tissues, where they ingest and process foreign materials, dead cells and debris and recruit additional macrophages in response to inflammatory signals They are highly heterogeneous cells that can rapidly change their function in response to local microenvironmental signals In this Review, we discuss the four stages of orderly inflammation mediated by macrophages: recruitment to tissues; differentiation and activation in situ; conversion to suppressive cells; and restoration of tissue homeostasis We also discuss the protective and pathogenic functions of the various macrophage subsets in antimicrobial defence, antitumour immune responses, metabolism and obesity, allergy and asthma, tumorigenesis, autoimmunity, atherosclerosis, fibrosis and wound healing Finally, we briefly discuss the characterization of macrophage heterogeneity in humans

/pdf/protective-and-pathogenic-functions-of-macrophage-subsets-5d5nlezyqd.pdf

Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets

Macrophages, the most plastic cells of the haematopoietic system, are found in all tissues and show great functional diversity. They have roles in development, homeostasis, tissue repair and immunity. Although tissue macrophages are anatomically distinct from one another, and have different transcriptional profiles and functional capabilities, they are all required for the maintenance of homeostasis. However, these reparative and homeostatic functions can be subverted by chronic insults, resulting in a causal association of macrophages with disease states. In this Review, we discuss how macrophages regulate normal physiology and development, and provide several examples of their pathophysiological roles in disease. We define the 'hallmarks' of macrophages according to the states that they adopt during the performance of their various roles, taking into account new insights into the diversity of their lineages, identities and regulation. It is essential to understand this diversity because macrophages have emerged as important therapeutic targets in many human diseases.

/pdf/macrophage-biology-in-development-homeostasis-and-disease-2nq2u94n8n.pdf

Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease

In this paper, a highly efficient protograph-based repeat-accumulate (P-RA) anytime code is proposed, which is derived from the combination of protograph-based low-density parity-check convolutional (P-LDPCC) and spatially coupled low-density parity-check convolutional (SC-LDPCC) codes. Density evolution technique is applied to demonstrate the anytime properties of the P-RA codes over the binary erasure channel (BEC). The simulation results show that P-RA codes perform better than SC-LDPCC and P-LDPCC codes. More importantly, the finite-length performance of P-RA codes is only dependent on the decoding delay rather than the decoding message position.

Anytime properties of protograph-based repeat-accumulate codes

Radio frequency (RF) spectrum is already crowded and expensive to install new broadband channels. Free space optical (FSO) communication is an emerging technology which offers enormous bandwidth, low cost installation setup and highly secure link. But FSO link deteriorates significantly due to scintillation and weather conditions (fog/cloud). Hybrid FSO/RF communication system with independent coding scheme was suggested to combat fading effects of the individual communication system. We propose hybrid FSO/RF communication system with joint coding scheme and implement the puncturing optimization algorithm (POA) which adaptively tackle fading effects of the individual communication system. The proposed algorithm gives better performance gain over the fixed system and provide optimized puncturing fractions in a flexible fashion for a given channel condition.

Puncturing optimization algorithm and its applications in free space communications

We characterize the asymptotic outage performance of power allocation techniques for systems with average power constraints. We show that the outage diversity of a system with average power constraints can be obtained from the diversity of the corresponding system with peak power constraints. The characterization is therefore useful since the asymptotic performance of systems with peak power constraints is well known in the literature.

Asymptotic outage performance of power allocation in block-fading channels

Electronic cash (e-cash) was introduced 40 years ago as the digital analogue of traditional cash It allows users to withdraw electronic coins that can be spent anonymously with merchants As advocated by Camenisch et al (Eurocrypt 2005), it should be possible to store the withdrawn coins compactly (ie, with logarithmic cost in the total number of coins), which has led to the notion of compact e-cash Many solutions were proposed for this problem but the security proofs of most of them were invalidated by a very recent paper by Bourse et al (Asiacrypt 2019) The same paper describes a generic way of fixing existing constructions/proofs but concrete instantiations of this patch are currently unknown in some settings In particular, compact e-cash is no longer known to exist under quantum-safe assumptions In this work, we resolve this problem by proposing the first secure compact e-cash system based on lattices following the result from Bourse et al Contrarily to the latter work, our construction is not only generic, but we describe two concrete instantiations We depart from previous frameworks of e-cash systems by leveraging lossy trapdoor functions to construct our coins The indistinguishability of lossy and injective keys allows us to avoid the very strong requirements on the involved pseudo-random functions that were necessary to instantiate the generic patch proposed by Bourse et al

/pdf/lattice-based-e-cash-revisited-u5ys48eeup.pdf

Lattice-Based E-Cash, Revisited

The transparency order is a parameter to quantify the resistance of S-boxes against the differential power analysis (DPA). S-boxes that have lower transparency order are proved to be more resistant to DPA. In this paper, we propose theoretical methods to examine the invariant of the transparency order of S-boxes under the permutation transformations. We also use the proposed methods to investigate the transparency order of all Serpent-type 4-bit S-boxes, commonly used the lightweight block ciphers, in order to identify the good candidate S-boxes which have a low transparency order.

On the resistance of Serpent-type 4 bit S-boxes against differential power attacks

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