Considering metal oxide nanoparticles as important technological materials, authors provide a comprehensive review of researches on metal oxide nanoparticles, their synthetic strategies, and techniques, nanoscale physicochemical properties, defining specific industrial applications in the various fields of applied nanotechnology. This work expansively reviews the recent developments of semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors for environmental gases including CO2, O2, O3, and NH3; highly toxic gases including CO, H2S, and NO2; combustible gases such as CH4, H2, and liquefied petroleum gas; and volatile organic compounds gases. The gas sensing properties of different metal oxides nanoparticles towards specific target gases have been individually discussed. Promising metal oxide nanoparticles for sensitive and selective detection of each gas have been identified. This review also categorizes metal oxides sensors by analyte gas and also summarizes the major techniques and synthesis strategies used in nanotechnology. Additionally, strategies, sensing mechanisms and related applications of semiconducting metal oxide materials are also discussed in detail. Related applications are innumerable trace to ultratrace-level gas sensors, batteries, magnetic storage media, various types of solar cells, metal oxide nanoparticles applications in catalysis, energy conversion, and antennas (including microstrip and patch-type optically transparent antennas), rectifiers, optoelectronic, and electronics.

/pdf/metal-oxide-nanoparticles-and-their-applications-in-44aw1haeng.pdf

Metal oxide nanoparticles and their applications in nanotechnology

Antimicrobial substances may be synthetic, semisynthetic, or of natural origin (i.e., from plants and animals). Antimicrobials are considered “miracle drugs” and can determine if an infected patient/animal recovers or dies. However, the misuse of antimicrobials has led to the development of multi-drug-resistant bacteria, which is one of the greatest challenges for healthcare practitioners and is a significant global threat. The major concern with the development of antimicrobial resistance is the spread of resistant organisms. The replacement of conventional antimicrobials by new technology to counteract antimicrobial resistance is ongoing. Nanotechnology-driven innovations provide hope for patients and practitioners in overcoming the problem of drug resistance. Nanomaterials have tremendous potential in both the medical and veterinary fields. Several nanostructures comprising metallic particles have been developed to counteract microbial pathogens. The effectiveness of nanoparticles (NPs) depends on the interaction between the microorganism and the NPs. The development of effective nanomaterials requires in-depth knowledge of the physicochemical properties of NPs and the biological aspects of microorganisms. However, the risks associated with using NPs in healthcare need to be addressed. The present review highlights the antimicrobial effects of various nanomaterials and their potential advantages, drawbacks, or side effects. In addition, this comprehensive information may be useful in the discovery of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs for use against multi-drug-resistant microbial pathogens in the near future.

Nanoparticles: Alternatives Against Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Microbes.

Despite an array of cogent antibiotics, bacterial infections, notably those produced by nosocomial pathogens, still remain a leading factor of morbidity and mortality around the globe. They target the severely ill, hospitalized and immunocompromised patients with incapacitated immune system, who are prone to infections. The choice of antimicrobial therapy is largely empirical and not devoid of toxicity, hypersensitivity, teratogenicity and/or mutagenicity. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria further intensifies the clinical predicament as it directly impacts public health due to diminished potency of current antibiotics. In addition, there is an escalating concern with respect to biofilm-associated infections that are refractory to the presently available antimicrobial armory, leaving almost no therapeutic option. Hence, there is a dire need to develop alternate antibacterial agents. The past decade has witnessed a substantial upsurge in the global use of nanomedicines as innovative tools for combating the high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Antibacterial activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been extensively reported. The microbes are eliminated either by microbicidal effects of the NPs, such as release of free metal ions culminating in cell membrane damage, DNA interactions or free radical generation, or by microbiostatic effects coupled with killing potentiated by the host's immune system. This review encompasses the magnitude of multidrug resistance in nosocomial infections, bacterial evasion of the host immune system, mechanisms used by bacteria to develop drug resistance and the use of nanomaterials based on metals to overcome these challenges. The diverse annihilative effects of conventional and biogenic metal NPs for antibacterial activity are also discussed. The use of polymer-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites, alone or functionalized with ligands, antibodies or antibiotics, as alternative antimicrobial agents for treating severe bacterial infections is also discussed. Combinatorial therapy with metallic NPs, as adjunct to the existing antibiotics, may aid to restrain the mounting menace of bacterial resistance and nosocomial threat.

/pdf/nanomaterials-for-alternative-antibacterial-therapy-13mw2v5tjg.pdf

Nanomaterials for alternative antibacterial therapy

This study aims to provide an updated survey of the main synthesis methods of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in order to obtain tailored nanosystems for various biomedical applications. The synthesis approach significantly impacts the properties of such nanoparticles and these properties in turn have a significant impact on their biomedical applications. Although not widely investigated as an efficient drug delivery system, CuO nanoparticles have great biological properties including effective antimicrobial action against a wide range of pathogens and also drug resistant bacteria. These properties have led to the development of various approaches with direct applications to the biomedical field, such as tailored surfaces with antimicrobial effect, wound dressings and modified textiles. It is also believed that these nanosystems could represent efficient alternatives in the development of smart systems utilized both for the detection of pathogens and for the treatment of infections.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/9/4/75/pdf

Methods of Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications of CuO Nanoparticles.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for biomedical application and environmental remediation

CuONPs/Si heterojunction photodetector made via dropped CuONPs on Si wafer using drop casting method. The nanoparticles were accomplished by applying laser ablation of copper pellet immersed in water. The morphological and optical properties were measured using AFM and UV spectroscopy. The NPs has high absorbance in the visible region with 2.7eV an average particles size about 77nm. The heterojunction of CuONPs/Si has good linearity with 21.67 on/off ratio and peak response about 0.33A/W at 650nm.

Preparation of CuO NPs by laser ablation in liquid for photodiodes

In this work usede pulsed laser ablation in liquid to produced congenial nanoparticles, is a direct, precision and easy method. A quasi like spherical NiO NPs were utilized a 1064nm Nd:YAG laser, working with 700 J/pulse and altered number pulses (50, 100 and 150 pulses). Impacts laser pulses on the features of NiO NPs were been deliberated briefly. FTIR spectra resemble the establishment of Ni-O band. The concentration of NiO nanoparticles increased when the number of laser pulses increased. The optical absorption exhibit a blue shift when the number of laser pulses decreased, with gaps are changing from 3.65 to 3.8 eV depending on number of laser pulses.

Influence of laser pulse on properties of NiO NPs prepared by laser ablation in liquid

Silver (Ag) doped cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles were synthesized through laser ablation in liquid for the sensing applications

The pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique was used to successfully synthesise silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). With the goal of controlling their size, a laser wavelength of 1064 nm was focused on the Ag bulk target immersed in distilled water in a glass vessel with different laser fluences. The effect of laser fluence, and thus Ag NPs concentration on the bacterial pathogenic was investigated. While the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the presence of Ag NPs, UV–vis spectrophotometry revealed a significant absorption peak at around 405 nm, which is attributed to the obtained Ag NPs’ characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak. The SPR peak shifted towards a shorter wavelength as the laser fluence was increased, indicating that the Ag NPs have reduced in size. The transmission electron microscopy and size distribution images of Ag NPs clearly showed the effects of laser fluence on size reduction of Ag NPs. Bacteria activity was effectively inhibited by the Ag NPs which are found to be more effective against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) than Gram-positive strains (Streptococcus aureus). PLAL has proven to be an effective method for controlling the size of NPs, which can be used in a variety of applications.

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles created by one step nanosecond Nd: YAG laser ablation in water

Green synthesis of TiO2@MWCNTs composites by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

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