Recently, increasing public concern about hygiene has been driving many studies to investigate antimicrobial and antiviral agents. However, the use of any antimicrobial agents must be limited due to their possible toxic or harmful effects. In recent years, due to previous antibiotics’ lesser side effects, the use of herbal materials instead of synthetic or chemical drugs is increasing. Herbal materials are found in medicines. Herbs can be used in the form of plant extracts or as their active components. Furthermore, most of the world’s populations used herbal materials due to their strong antimicrobial properties and primary healthcare benefits. For example, herbs are an excellent material to replace nanosilver as an antibiotic and antiviral agent. The use of nanosilver involves an ROS-mediated mechanism that might lead to oxidative stress-related cancer, cytotoxicity, and heart diseases. Oxidative stress further leads to increased ROS production and also delays the cellular processes involved in wound healing. Therefore, existing antibiotic drugs can be replaced with biomaterials such as herbal medicine with high antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity. This review paper highlights the antibacterial, antiviral, and radical scavenger (antioxidant) properties of herbal materials. Antimicrobial activity, radical scavenger ability, the potential for antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents, and efficacy in eliminating bacteria and viruses and scavenging free radicals in herbal materials are discussed in this review. The presented herbal antimicrobial agents in this review include clove, portulaca, tribulus, eryngium, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, thyme, pennyroyal, mint, fennel, chamomile, burdock, eucalyptus, primrose, lemon balm, mallow, and garlic, which are all summarized.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/12/1309/pdf

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials

Matricaria chamomilla L. is a famous medicinal plant distributed worldwide. It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat all kinds of diseases, including infections, neuropsychiatric, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and liver disorders. It is also used as a sedative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and antiemetic. In this review, reports on M. chamomilla taxonomy, botanical and ecology description, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological and pharmacological properties, possible application in different industries, and encapsulation were critically gathered and summarized. Scientific search engines such as Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to gather data on M. chamomilla. The phytochemistry composition of essential oils and extracts of M. chamomilla has been widely analyzed, showing that the plant contains over 120 constituents. Essential oils are generally composed of terpenoids, such as α-bisabolol and its oxides A and B, bisabolone oxide A, chamazulene, and β-farnesene, among other compounds. On the other hand, M. chamomilla extracts were dominated by phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins. In addition, M. chamomilla demonstrated several biological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, insecticidal, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. These activities allow the application of M. chamomilla in the medicinal and veterinary field, food preservation, phytosanitary control, and as a surfactant and anti-corrosive agent. Finally, the encapsulation of M. chamomilla essential oils or extracts allows the enhancement of its biological activities and improvement of its applications. According to the findings, the pharmacological activities of M. chamomilla confirm its traditional uses. Indeed, M. chamomilla essential oils and extracts showed interesting antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, anti-pyretic, anti-allergic, and analgesic activities. Moreover, the most important application of M. chamomilla was in the medicinal field on animals and humans.

/pdf/chamomile-matricaria-chamomilla-l-a-review-of-ethnomedicinal-2ro7mfab.pdf

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses

Abstract Chamomile oil or extract, derived from the chamomile flower, is a natural remedy with various therapeutic properties. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the medicinal properties of chamomile oil or extract including its antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Chamomile oil has exhibited antibacterial and antifungal properties against various microbes, involving Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. It has also been found to regulate blood sugar levels in animal and human studies, making it a potential candidate for diabetes treatment. Moreover, chamomile oil has antitumor properties, as it can induce apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibit their growth. In addition, chamomile oil has anti-inflammatory features, making it a possible option for treatment under inflammatory circumstances such as eczema, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Chamomile oil has also been found to have valuable impacts on poultry farming due to its antimicrobial properties. It may be utilized as an organic substitute for antibiotics in chicken production. It is effective against common poultry pathogens, including Salmonella and E. coli, and can also improve poultry growth and feed conversion rate. In conclusion, chamomile oil or extract are promising natural remedy with various therapeutic properties and useful impacts on poultry and small ruminants.

/pdf/chamomile-functional-properties-and-impacts-on-poultry-small-r2aq27t5.pdf

Chamomile: functional properties and impacts on poultry/ small ruminant health and production

The usage of blue laser has been considered as a therapeutic approach to prohibit the viability of bacterial species, but there is no agreement about optimum parameters to be used. The aim of this project is to study the influence of blue laser (450 nm) on the viability of the gram-negative bacteria  Proteus mirabilis isolated from burn wounds, using different exposure times (i.e. doses) in vitro. Seventy swab samples were collected from burn wounds of patients admitted to the burns unit in AL-Yarmouk teaching hospital in Baghdad, during the period from June to August 2019. The Bacteria were isolated and identified depending on their culture characteristics, biochemical tests, gram staining, and morphology, being finally confirmed by API 20E Test System. By using the disk diffusion method, susceptibility of the isolates to 12 different antibiotics was examined. One isolate of P. mirabilis was elected according to susceptibility to all antibiotics used.  To prepare bacterial solution, P. mirabilis was mixed with normal saline solution. Dilution of 10-6 cell/ml for p. mirabilis was selected from other serial dilutions. A number of colonies and colony forming units (CFUs/ml) were achieved and correlated to controls.  P. mirabilis was irradiated by blue diode laser (450 nm, 500mw) and exposed to different doses (24, 48, 72, 96, 120J/cm2) corresponding to respective exposure times (4, 8,12,16,20 minutes). The results of antibiotic susceptibility test indicate that the entire isolates of P. mirabilis were multidrug resistant. With the increase in laser dose (exposure times), the number of colonies and  CFUs/ml were reduced, reaching a highest inhibition in CFU/ml  at exposure time of  20 minutes, i.e. a dose of 120J/cm2 , with  irradiance of 0.1 watt/ cm2. No significant reduction was recorded in CFU/ml   at exposure time of 4 min (a dose of 24J/cm2). As a conclusion, the blue laser irradiation at wavelength of 450 nm and 500mw had antibacterial effects on P. mirabilis isolated from burn wounds with irradiance of 0.1watt/cm2 in vitro, as evidenced by the effective reduction in the viability of bacteria at a dose of 120J/cm2 corresponding to exposure time of 20 minutes.

/pdf/effect-of-blue-laser-on-viability-of-proteus-mirabilis-36e74180va.pdf

Effect of blue laser on viability of Proteus mirabilis

The present work was aimed to illustrate how the use of Diode laser or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) each of them individually, as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as well as study the effective result from the absorption of laser energy by these nanoparticles to kill or inhibition bacterial growth. The silver nanoparticles are prepared by biological method. S. aureus are isolated and identified in the Central Health Laboratory in Al Najaf city. Nanoparticles are tested against S. aureus cultured on Muller Hinton agar but Diode laser or laser with nanoparticles are tested against S. aureus cultured in Nutrient broth. S. aureus are irradiating by Diode laser with different irradiation times, moreover there are different concentrations of AgNPs have been employed for killing and inhibition bacterial growth. Results showed that S. aureus is affected by AgNPs (mainly highest concentration of nanoparticles) also detected that decrease bacterial availability with increase time of irradiation to laser.

/pdf/antimicrbial-effect-of-diode-laser-and-biossynthesis-silver-2s0cwerc5y.pdf

Antimicrbial Effect of Diode Laser and Biossynthesis Silver Nanoparticles on Bactrium Staphylococcus Aureus in Vitro

The effect of low level laser radiation on Staphylococcus aureus with different exposure times has been studied. Thirty skin samples [swabs] were collected from patients with burn and wound infections of Al-yarmouk teaching hospital, during the period from November 2010 to March 2011. Ten isolates of S. aureus were identified by their cultural characteristics, microscopic examination, and biochemical tests. The ten isolates were exposed to diode laser [805nm] at different exposure times [1min., 3min. and 5min.]. The activity of bacteria to produce alpha toxin and its sensitivity to antibiotics were determined before and after irradiation. The result of alpha toxin production of ten irradiated isolates were illustrated that toxin production was decreases after different time of exposure [1, 3 and 5 min.] of irradiation. The effect of diode laser on the sensitivity of S. aureus to antibiotics discs shows slightly increase in the diameter of inhibition zone to these antibiotics at different time of exposure .

Effect of Diode Laser (805) nm on alpha-toxin production and antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus

In vitro antibacterial activity of Aqueous, ethanol and methanol flower extracts of chamomile alone and in combination with tetracycline by the use of agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus as gram positive bacterium and Escherichia. coli, Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. as gram negative bacteria was studied. It was found that chamomile aqueous extract has no inhibitory effects against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus at the concentration 1000mg/ml. The diameter of the inhibition zones of S. aureus was 15 mm for Ethanol extract and 12mm at for methanol extract. No antibacterial effect on E. coli, Proteus and Klebsiella for the two extracts. The synergistic effect between the combination of tetracycline with chamomile extracts (ethanol and methanol) (vol./vol.) on S. aureus was studied. It was found that all the combinations proved strong inhibitory effect against S. aureus with different inhibition zone diameters ranged from 23 mm to 35 mm.

https://anjs.edu.iq/index.php/anjs/article/download/610/548

Synergistic Interaction between Chamomile Flower (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Extracts and Tetracycline Against Wound Infection Bacteria

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Effect of Diode Laser (805) nm on alpha-toxin production and antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus

Synergistic Interaction between Chamomile Flower (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Extracts and Tetracycline Against Wound Infection Bacteria