Soil Chemical Analysis

Nature And Properties Of Soils

This book provides comprehensive information on 104 principle weeds of the world, covering species that are responsible for a high proportion of all the world's crop losses. It includes 122 original maps and botanical illustrations, original data collected by the authors themselves in research travels around the world.

World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution

Plants are exposed to any number of potentially adverse environmental conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, extreme temperature, submergence, etc. These abiotic stresses adversely affect the plant growth and productivity. Nowadays various strategies are employed to generate plants that can withstand these stresses. In recent years, seed priming has been developed as an indispensable method to produce tolerant plants against various stresses. Seed priming is the induction of a particular physiological state in plants by the treatment of natural and synthetic compounds to the seeds before germination. In plant defense, priming is defined as a physiological process by which a plant prepares to respond to imminent abiotic stress more quickly or aggressively. Moreover, plants raised from primed seeds showed sturdy and quick cellular defense response against abiotic stresses. Priming for enhanced resistance to abiotic stress obviously is operating via various pathways involved in different metabolic processes. The seedlings emerging from primed seeds showed early and uniform germination. Moreover, the overall growth of plants is enhanced due to the seed-priming treatments. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of various crops in which seed priming is practiced and about various seed-priming methods and its effects.

Seed priming for abiotic stress tolerance: an overview

U Hrvatskoj nikada nije bilo oplemenjivackih programa za povrce, vec su sorte kreirane entuzijazmom autora kao "sporedni" proizvod znanstveno-istraživackog rada na povrcu. Na Sortnoj listi poljoprivrednog bilja RH, zakljucno s 2010. godinom, ima 17 sorti povrca koje su kreirane i upisane u listu od 1964. godine.

The vegetable crops

Chemical weed management in wheat in rainfed areas-I.

Field study was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar during Kharif 2007 to investigate the effectiveness of various weed control measures in maize crop. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design, having eight treatments and four replications. The treatments were wheat straw, saw dust, polyethylene (white), polyethylene (black), newspaper, Primextra Gold 720SC @1.0 lit ha -1 , hand weeding and weedy check were also included in the studies. Data were recorded on number of kernels cob -1 , 100-kernel weight (g), biological yield of maize (t ha -1 ) and grain yield (t ha -1 ). For controlling weeds, the maximum grain yield was recorded in Primextra Gold 720SC, polyethylene (black), hand weeding and polyethylene (white) with grain yield of 2.98, 2.48, 2.06 and 2.03 t ha -1 , respectively. Minimum yield (1.36 t ha -1 ) was recorded in the weedy check plots.

Impact of different mulches on weed flora and yield of maize

Prevention of weed–crop competition at an early stage plays a very important role. Potato is grown abundantly in our country and particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, but due to lack of proper attention potato yield is always very low as compared to the developed countries. Regardless of other factors, weeds are one of the serious obstacles in producing higher yields. In this context, an experiment was designed in which there were a total of nine treatments including eight herbicides and a weedy check for comparison. Metribuzin 70% WP (metribuzin) @ 0.63 kg, Gramoxone 200SL + Dual gold 960EC (gramoxone+s-metolachlor) @ 3.75L+2.5L, Sencor 70WP (metribuzin) @ 0.63 kg, Torrent 50WDG (terbutryn+terbuthylazine) @ 1.75kg, Solanum 500SC (terbutryn+terbuthylazine) @ 1.75L, Dual gold 960EC (s-metolachlor) @ 2.5L, Multiquat 200SL (gramoxone) @ 3.75 L, and Gramoxone 200SL (gramoxone) @ 3.75L ha -1 were the herbicidal treatments that were evaluated. The results revealed that all the herbicides had a significant effect on weed density m -2 and also on tuber yield of potato. Herbicidal treatments significantly reduced the weed population as compared to the control treatments, with 104 weeds m -2 . All the treatments resulted in more than 80% mortality of the weeds that infested the field before application of the herbicides. No crop injury was observed in any of the herbicides used in the experiment. The herbicide combination, Gramoxone+Dual gold gave the highest potato tuber yield (15910 kg ha -1 ) which was 36% higher than the weedy check treatments (10162 kg ha -1 ). However, it was statistically similar to Gramoxone and Multiquat treatments that resulted in tuber yield of 15288 and 15022 kg ha -1 , with percent increase as 33.53 and 32.35%, respectively. Therefore, Gramoxone+Dual gold was the best treatment in the experiment for effective weed control and profitable tuber yields of potato crop in agro-ecological conditions of Peshawar.

Studies on efficacy of different herbicides against weeds in potato crop in peshawar

Field experiments on intercropping in maize crop were conducted during 2008 and 2009 at Agriculture Research Institute, Tarnab Peshawar, Pakistan. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design comprising of 11 treatments, including weed free sole maize (WFMz), weedy check sole maize (WCMz), sole French beans (Fb), sole mung-beans (Mb), sole sunflower (Sf), intercropping maize-1-row+Frenchbean-1-row (MzFb 1:1), maize-1row+Frenchbean-2-rows (MzFb 1:2), maize-1-row+mungbean-1-row(MzMb 1:1), maize-1-row+mungbean-2-rows (MzMb 1:2), maize-1-row+ sunflower-1-row (MzSf 1:1), and maize-1-row+sunflower-2-rows (MzSf 1:2). The treatments significantly affected the weeds and crop parameters. Weed density (136 weeds m -2 ) and fresh biomass (2769 kg ha -1 ) were highest in the WCMz and Mb, respectively. The intercropping treatments resulted in 35-56% reduction in weed population. All the intercropping treatments showed 6.46 to 23.93% increase in the yield of maize over WCMz, except that in MzSf 1:2. Overall highest average grain yield of maize (3886 kg ha -1 ) was recorded in WFMz with 30.65% increase in yield over the WCMz (2695 kg). Among the intercropping treatments, maize yield was highest (3543 kg ha -1 ) in MzMb 1:1, where the yield was 23.93% higher than the WCMz; though it was at par with the MzFb 1:1 (3232 kg ha -1 with 16.62% yield increase over WCMz). The computed LER ranged between 1.023-1.294. Similarly, the cost benefit ratios (CBRs) ranged between 1.27 and 1.67. Among the intercropping treatments, highest CBR (1.64) was computed for MzSf 1:2, followed by MzMb 1:2 (1.58). Thus, intercropping reduced weed population, boosted maize performance, enhanced land utilization and increased farmers’ monitory advantage.

Influence of intercropping in maize on performance of weeds and the associated crops

This study signifies indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation: A case study of Tehsil Barawal District Dir (Upper), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan and is an attempt to collect ethnobotanical information. The area lies in Hindukush Mountains and exhibit the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants among local inhabitants. The visits were arranged in order to collect information about the ethnobotanical uses of plants by the local peoples in various parts of Barawal valley during summer season, July 2011-November 2011. Questionnaires method was adopted for documentation of indigenous knowledge. The interview was carried out in local community, to investigate local people and knowledgeable persons. Data were systematically arranged in alphabetic order of botanical name, family name followed by Common name, local name, part used and ethnobotanical uses. Total ethnobotanical plants that are collected from the study area including 43 species belonging to 25 families. These plants are collected by the local residents from wild and sold in the market for their livelyhood. The local populace has always used the medicinal plants for various diseases and are dependent on the plants for their food, shelter, health, fodder, fuel, medicine, and various cultural purposes. The local residents of the area were using 43 plants of 25 families for numerous purposes. The chief usage by local populace is from 38 plants for the treatment of diseases, five species are used as fuel, nine fodder species, three veterinary species, 9 out of 43 are edible species, 6 as vegetable, 3 as timber rations and construction and 3 species are used as fencing and hedges. Some of the reported species like Olea ferruginea, Berberis lyceum, Rheum emodi and Myrtis communis remain rare species that need protection and conservation to avoid their extinction.

A case study of ethnobotany and biodiversity conservation from tehsil barawal, upper dir, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan

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