The pathogenecity of three entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea was tested against different life stages of Bactrocera zonata under laboratory conditions using five different ways viz., contact bioassay, oral bioassay, inoculation of immatures and pupae and soil application for pupae. The results showed higher adult mortality in contact bioassay for all the fungi tested as compared to the other methods of application. The pathogenecity of B. bassiana was upto 20% in oral bioassay and 30-40% for I. fumosorosea and M. anisopliae, respectively. I. fumosorosea significantly affected the adult emergence, while 50-70% adult emergence was recorded in immatures inoculated with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. Symptoms of dark, shrinked pupae, deformed adults and incomplete adult emergence from the pupae were also observed after immature treatments with insect pathogenic fungi.

/pdf/vulnerability-of-different-life-stages-of-bactrocera-zonata-54io35qpol.pdf

Vulnerability of different life stages of Bactrocera zonata (Tephritidae: Diptera) against entomogenous fungi.

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a serious pest of fruits and vegetables in Pakistan. The cover sprays against control of fruit flies are being extensively used in Pakistan. For evaluation of resistance to insecticides LC50 of six commonly used insecticide trichlorfon, bifenthrin, malathion, methomyl, - cyhalothrin and spinosad was determined in fifteen field populations of B. zonata in Multan, Pakistan. Susceptible to high resistance was recorded for trichlorfon (1.00- fold to 41.82-fold). Susceptible to moderate resistance level was observed for bifenthrin (1.39 to 13.59-fold), cyhalothrin (1.07 to 18.24 fold), spinosad (1.15 to 14.08-fold) and for malathion (1.07 to 19.36-fold) while the fly was susceptible to methomyl. The results suggest that B. zonata has developed resistance to trichlorfon, malathion, bifenthrin, -cyhalothrin and spinosad and there is need of resistance management programs for restoring the efficacy of insecticides based control measures.

/pdf/evaluation-of-resistance-to-different-insecticides-against-38ozrp0l7y.pdf

Evaluation of Resistance to Different Insecticides Against Field Populations of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Multan, Pakistan*

Management of peach fruit fly bactrocera zonata saunders (diptera: tephritidae) by the releases of pupal parasitoid, dirhinus giffardii (hymenoptera: chalcididae) in sindh

Balochistan fruit fly (Myiopardalis pardalina Bigot [Diptera: Tephritidae]) is one of the major pests of muskmelon in torrent spate areas of Baluchistan and North Western Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), Pakistan. Field study was carried out to evaluate efficacy of the bait and endosulfan applied along the periphery of host, and non-host vegetation (alone and in combination). Treatments were administered twice at 10 days interval, starting from fruit-setting stage. A significant reduction in fruit infestation was shown by all the treatments when compared with untreated check. However, non-significant difference was found within treatments applied. The lowest % fruit infestation (1.65) and highest yield of 212 kg/sample were recorded in plots treated with endosulfan. Treatment where intermittent bait was applied on surrounding vegetation + periphery of host fields had 2.54% fruit infestation and 199 kg/sample yield as compared to untreated check (25.63 % infestation and 31.45 kg/sample).

Field test of the bait spray on periphery of host plants for the control of the fruit fly, myiopardalis pardalina bigot (tephritidae: diptera)

Fruit flies (Diptera: 
			Tephritidae) has been recognized as a cosmopolitan pest of fruits 
			and vegetables. In Pakistan, it is a serious pest of mango, melons, 
			citrus and guava and a major threat to export of these commodities. 
			The pesticides used for this pest leave residues, which are not 
			acceptable for many buyers under WTO agreement. Studies were 
			undertaken to get more precise information on behavioral aspects of 
			fruit flies and to devise management techniques with integrated 
			approach.
			Field studies on population fluctuation of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: 
			Tephritidae) were monitored in mango (Mangifera indica) orchards, 
			located at 2 different ecological zones; Dera Ismail Khan and 
			Paniala for three consecutive years, using methyl euginol baited 
			traps. Abiotic weather factors were correlated with population 
			fluctuation. The population density data at both locations showed 
			two prominent peaks with some variations, first in late spring and 
			second and larger one in late summer or early fall. The population 
			builds up of flies in the early spring were found associated with 
			off-host fruits [Ber (Ziziphus jujuba) and Guava (Psidium guajava)] 
			shifted to mango. The second and larger peak was associated with mid 
			and late mango varieties like Chounsa, Fajri. Overall, a positive 
			correlation of population fluctuation in relation to abiotic factors 
			exists. However, inverse relation was found significant in relative 
			humidity (RH).
			In a series of experiments, comprised of lures (food and sex), and 
			neem extracts was tested in comparison with untreated check to 
			devise the IPM model for fruit fly management in mango orchards. The 
			IPM model reduced the infestation to 0.4 and 0.8% in dropped and 
			harvested fruits respectively in comparison with that of farmers 
			practice where it was 7% in dropped fruits and 10.5% in harvested 
			fruits. The experiments to evaluate the management techniques 
			revealed bait (Protein hydrolysate) application technique (BAT) and 
			crop hygiene (CH) equally effective to that of synthetic insecticide 
			(Diptrex 80SP). In other experiments, BAT + CH and neem oil 
			reduced 87.27 and 75.11% infestation of fruit fly, as compared to 
			Diptrex 80SP (2.42%). Turmeric oil was less effective than neem oil. 
			The integration of crop hygiene (removal of weed flora and burying 
			of damaged fruits) with intermittent spray of bait and one neem 
			application on and around the field significantly reduced the fruit 
			fly infestation. The farmers practice fields had 25.3% fruit fly 
			infestation whereas it was 3.6% where IPM model was applied.
			In a series of experiments, infective capabilities of 
			entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) were evaluated against fruit flies 
			under lab conditions. Results indicated Hetrerorhabditis 
			bacteriophora and S. feltiae with 97.6 and 85.10% infection and were 
			leading EPN among the tested nematodes. In addition, the fly 
			emergence was better option for EPN evaluation than dissection of 
			insect. EPN showed comparatively less infectiveness towards fruit 
			fly pupae and only 60% infection was caused due to S. feltiae 
			followed by 58% due to H. indica.
			The progeny development experiment with three nematode species viz. 
			S. carpocapsie, S. feltiae and H. bacterophora, in the lab, showed 
			J3 started emerging in all nematode after day 11. The J3 production 
			increased until day 13 for S. feltaie and ends on day 23. H. 
			bacterophora produced 697 progeny in 16 days. Progeny production as 
			unit body weight, S. carocapsae produced 784 J3/mg followed by H. 
			bacterophora and S. feltiae with 580 and 221/mg body weight of fruit 
			fly. In another experiment, LC50 for S. feltiase was 516 J3/ml and 
			H. bacterophora was 600 J3.
			Fruit fly Bactrocera zonata pupation habitat preference was 
			evaluated in two lab experiments. In first experiment, three soil 
			types were tested for preferred pupation depth by late instar fruit 
			fly larvae. Results revealed more than 57% of the pupae preferred 
			2.54 - 5.02 cm depth for pupation comparing with 20% in the top 2.53 
			cm, 17.7% in the 5.03 - 7.67 cm and only 2.1% in the 7.67 - 10.23 
			cm. The experiment regarding soil particle sizes was evaluated for 
			pupation depth preference. Results indicated 2.53 - 5.03 cm is the 
			preferred depth for all particles sized except for the 13 - 25 
			particle size where pupae preferred top 2.54 cm to other two depths 
			tested. In another experiment with neem as additive adult diet, 
			showed adult feeding on ground neem seed kernel with sugar and yeast 
			hydrolysate arrested the egg laying capacity significantly.

Studies on Behavioral Responses of Adult Fruit Flies to Food and Sex Lures in Relation to Their Management

Non-traditional method of fruit fly control in guava orchards in Dera Ismail Khan.

Sex-lures in population studies of Dacus species.

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Non-traditional method of fruit fly control in guava orchards in Dera Ismail Khan.

Sex-lures in population studies of Dacus species.