Background: Association studies between the vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and hypothyroidism have given mixed results. Because of this controvery and relatively common prevalence of these two conditions, we conducted a case-control study investigating the prevalence of VDD in patients with hypothyroidism (both TPO-Ab positive and negative) and compared it with euthyroid controls. Methodology: This is a single centre cross sectional study. Adults (aged 18 years or more) of both the sexes diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism (TSH >5.1 mIU/L) were included (n = 115) along with age and sex matched euthyroid (TSH Results: Patients in the hypothyroid group [38 (males) and 77 (females)] had a mean (SD) age 46 (15) years, while the euthyroid control group [24 (males) and 96 (females) had a mean (SD) age of 45 (17) years. In the hypothyroid group, 96% (110/115) had VDD as compared to 90% (108/120) in the control group with a significantly lower mean Vit D level was observed in the hypothyroid group as compared to the euthyroid group (12+8.6 vs 17.49+11.89 ng/ml; P Conclusion: The vitamin D levels in patients with hypothyroidism were significantly lower compared to euthyroid controls.TPO-Ab positive patients had lower levels of vitamin D in comparison with negative

Vitamin D and primary hypothyroidism: Is there an association?

Objective: To assess the effect of metformin administration on thyroid function in overweight women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). 
Methods: Twenty-seven overweight women with PCOS and hypothyroidism were selected. Fifteen patients (group I) were treated with metformin 1 500 mg/day for six months and 12 patients (group II) with placebo. Serum thyrotropin (TSH), free T3 and free T4 were measured at baseline and six months after the beginning of the study.
Results: A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in TSH levels was observed in group I but not in group II subjects after six months of metformin treatment. No significant change in free T3 and free T4 was observed throughout the study in any group.
Conclusion: In obese PCOS patients with primary hypothyroidism, metformin results in a significant fall and sometimes normalisation of TSH, without causing any reciprocal changes in other thyroid function parameters.

Metformin decreases thyrotropin in overweight women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and hypothyroidism : review

Background: Excess of dietary fats induce hyperlipidemia which causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER)stress. ER stress causes thyroid dysfunction and reduces serum thyroid hormone levels. Vitamin D supplementation increases thyroid hormone levels by reducing high fat diet induced ER stress, inflammation and autoimmunity. Objective: This study was planned to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on levels of serum free and total thyroxine in male albino mice. Methodology: In this randomized control trial, ninety healthy male albino mice were taken by consecutive, nonprobability sampling and randomly divided into three groups, each group containing 30 mice. Group A mice were given normal diet, Group B mice were given high fat diet, Group C mice were given high fat diet and vitamin D through oral gavage (100ng/kg/day) for 6 weeks. By the end of 6 weeks, blood sample of all mice was taken by cardiac puncture and serum was separated. Levels of serum total thyroxine and free thyroxine were measured by ELISA technique. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: In group B mice (high fat diet group) serum total and free thyroxine levels were reduced significantly (p=0.00) as compared to group A mice (normal diet group). In group C mice (high fat diet plus vitamin D group) serum total and free thyroxine levels were increased significantly (p=0.00) as compared to group B mice ( high fat diet group). The results of group C and A were also comparable and significant, with serum free and total thyroxine levels significantly high in group C (high fat diet+ vitamin D) as compared to group A(normal diet). Conclusion: Vitamin D supplemented mice on high fat diet had increased levels of serum total thyroxine, free thyroxine as compared to the group of mice on high fat diet only. Keywords: Vitamin D, High fat diet, Hyperlipidemia, Thyroxine.

/pdf/effect-of-vitamin-d-supplementation-on-high-fat-diet-induced-2e32giyv.pdf

Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on High Fat Diet Induced Thyroid Dysfunction an RCT on Mouse Model

Abstract The therapeutic effects of alpha lipoic acid (LA) and metformin (MET) against the myocardial complications associated with hypothyroidism were assessed in the current study. Rats were divided into three groups: control, hypothyroidism model induced by propylthiouracil (PTU), hypothyroidism model treated with LA and/or MET. At the end of the experiment, the thyroid hormones (T 3 , T 4 and TSH) were measured in the serum. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), NrF 2 , BCL 2 , NF-κB, serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and Na + ,K + ,ATPase were measured in the cardiac tissue. The histopathological changes were also examined. PTU significantly decreased T 3 and T 4 and significantly increased TSH. A significant increase in MDA, GSH, NrF 2 , BCL 2 , NF-κB, 5-HT, NE, DA, AchE, MAO and Na + ,K + ,ATPase and a significant decrease in NO were observed in the cardiac tissue of hypothyroidism model. This was associated with histopathological changes. LA alone or with MET restored T 3 and TSH and improved almost all the biochemical changes except the decreased NO and the increased DA in the cardiac tissue. MET restored T 3, T 4 and TSH and the biochemical changes induced in the cardiac tissue. MET ameliorated the histopathological changes that were still observed with LA alone or in combination with MET. The present findings indicate that MET had cardioprotective effect against hypothyroidism and its myocardial complications. This effect was less prominent with LA alone or in combination with MET. No synergistic effect was observed between LA and MET. 

/pdf/cardioprotective-effects-of-metformin-and-alpha-lipoic-acid-2ara4cgn.pdf

Cardioprotective effects of metformin and alpha lipoic acid against myocardial complications induced by hypothyroidism in rats

The current study evaluates the effect of metformin (MET) and /or alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on hypothyroidism and its adverse effects on the cardiac, renal, and, hepatic functions in rats.Rats were divided into five groups: control, rat model of hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU), rat model of hypothyroidism treated with MET, rat model of hypothyroidism treated with ALA, and rat model of hypothyroidism treated with MET and ALA. At the end of the experiment, body weight gain was determined and the blood samples were collected from orbital plexus to measure the serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by ELISA, glucose level, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the levels of urea and creatinine spectrophotometrically.Rat model of hypothyroidism revealed a significant decrease in T4 (p < 0.001) and T3 (p < 0.001) and a significant increase in TSH (p < 0.005). This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the body weight gain (p < 0.025) and a significant increase in LDH (p < 0.001), CK-MB (p < 0.001) AST (p < 0.01), ALT (p < 0.016), ALP (p < 0.001), glucose (p < 0.001), urea (p < 0.001) and creatinine (p < 0.001). MET restored T4, T3 and TSH to control values. Treatment with ALA restored T3 and TSH levels. Treatment with Met and /or ALA reduced the levels of glucose, urea and creatinine and the activities of LDH, CK-MB, AST, ALT, and ALP to control-like values. Only ALA improved the reduced body weight gain induced by hypothyroidism.The present findings indicate the ameliorative effects of MET and /or ALA on hypothyroidism and its adverse effects on cardiac, renal and hepatic functions.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01063-7. 

Metformin and alpha lipoic acid ameliorate hypothyroidism and its complications in adult male rats

Background: Previous studies showed controversies about the association of vitamin D deficiency and thyroid dysfunction and up to our knowledge there was no study that were con-ducted to study the effect of vitamin D deficiency on thyroid function. Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that is widely used and also there was contradictory data about its effect on thyroid function. Aim of Study: To identify whether vitamin D deficiency is considered a cause for hypothyroidism or not. Also, to investigate the effect of metformin treatment on thyroid function in a rat model of vitamin D deficiency. Material and Methods: 40 Adult male albino rats of local strains were divided randomly into 5 equal groups; control, control metformin treated (control + metformin), vitamin D deficient, vitamin D deficient metformin treated (vitamin D deficient + metformin) and vitamin D deficient vitamin D treated (vitamin D deficient + vitamin D). Results: Vitamin D deficiency model significantly in-creased final Body Mass Index (BMI), relative thyroid weight, serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), serum reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and hepatic deiodinase 3 activity but significantly declined serum levels of each of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) when compared to control group. Metformin treatment of vitamin D deficient rats significantly reduced relative thyroid weight with a significant decreased in TSH level when compared with vitamin D deficient group. A significant negative correlation was reported between serum 25(OH)D and each of final BMI, serum TSH, relative thyroid weight, hepatic deiodinase activity and serum rT3 but it was positively correlated to serum level of both T3 and T4. Histopathology and histomorphometric studies of the thyroid gland in vitamin D deficient rats showed a large number of follicles with increased dimensions, the follicular colloid showed no vacuolation, the amount of colloid increased and the follicles were found to be lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells with basal nuclei. Conclusion: As vitamin D deficiency decreased thyroid function through affecting hepatic deiodinase 3 activity and this change was deteriorated with vitamin D supplementation, thus, monitoring of vitamin D levels and its supplementation may play a role in management of hypothyroidism. Also, metformin exerted an anti-proliferative activity, improved thyroid structure and lowered TSH without affecting serum levels of T4 or T3, thus it could provide a rationale for an innovative therapy of thyroid proliferative diseases.

https://mjcu.journals.ekb.eg/article_94014_1c20ec6917f7fd2bd3e5b093c1da7e0b.pdf

Thyroid Function Changes in a Rat Model of Vitamin D Deficiency and Effect of Vitamin D and Metformin Treatment

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Thyroid Function Changes in a Rat Model of Vitamin D Deficiency and Effect of Vitamin D and Metformin Treatment