Fermentation, an ancient production method ingrained in the history of human civilization, has been extensively employed to enhance the biological activity of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), notably its antioxidant capacity. Higher antioxidant capacity of fermented CHM (FCHM) is evidenced by elevated free radical and reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity, increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, and activated Nrf2 signal pathway, making it widely applicable in the field of food and medicine. In this study, the scientific value of antioxidant properties of fermented herbs in the food and medicine field was explored. We comprehensively reviewed the techniques used in fermenting CHM, the microorganisms involved, and the benefits conferred by fermentation. Next, we delved into the functional and sensory advantages of incorporating FCHM in food, mainly focusing on its antioxidant properties, as well as its therapeutic role in diverse diseases including neuroinflammation, colitis, cardiovascular disease, systemic inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Finally, we illustrated the application and prospective advancements of fermented herbs in the domain of synthetic biology and nanoparticle technology. This review is of great significance in the development of herbal medicine formulations exhibiting elevated antioxidant activity and in advocating for the integration of FCHM in the realms of the food industry and medicine. 

Application of fermented Chinese herbal medicines in food and medicine field: from an antioxidant perspective

Macrozamia communis and its associated endophytic fungi are untapped sources of bioactive metabolites with great potential for medicinal exploitation. Chemical investigation of the mycelial extract derived from an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. MNP-HS-2 associated with M. communis fruit afforded four mycophenolic acid derivatives recognized as previously undescribed natural products (1-4), together with nine known metabolites (5-13). Chemical structures of isolated compounds were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D/2D NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute stereochemistry of alternatain E (1) was unambiguously established by comparing its experimental and calculated time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism spectra (TDDFT-ECD). All isolated compounds were assessed for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, where mycophenolic acid methyl ester (7), displayed significant cytotoxic activity against seven different cell lines with IC50 values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Mycophenolene A (3) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 2.1 μg/mL). 

Cytotoxic and antimicrobial mycophenolic acid derivatives from an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. MNP-HS-2 associated with Macrozamia communis.

HR-UPLC-MS-MS aided metabolomic analysis of C. officinalis and three endosymbiotic Aspergillus sp. isolated from its inner tissues had led to the identification of 76 secondary metabolites. 

Comparative metabolomics study on the secondary metabolites of the red alga, Corallina officinalis and its associated endosymbiotic fungi

Characterization and antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds from endophytic Trichoderma asperellum isolated from Dendrobium orchids

Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) is a plant that is often used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine. The leaves are consumed to treat various diseases. This study reports the endophytic fungi found from S. polyanthum leaves and its secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi species were determined through morphological and molecular identification. Potato Dextrose Broth medium was used for the cultivation process and ethyl acetate was used as a solvent for the extraction process. Antioxidant tests was carried out by using the DPPH method. Chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation of secondary metabolite and spectroscopic analysis was carried out to identify their chemical structures. The results of morphological and molecular analysis showed that the sample was Daldinia eschscholtzii. The secondary metabolite obtained from this endophytic fungus was idetified as fonsecinone A with good antioxidant activity. The secondary metabolite have the potential to become a source antioxidants through further research. 

pdf/secondary-metabolite-of-endophytic-fungi-daldinia-4oqiw42xl1.pdf

Secondary Metabolite of Endophytic Fungi Daldinia eschscholtzii from The Leaves of Syzygium polyanthum

Abstract Aspergillus terreus microorganism represents a promising prospective source for drug discovery since it is rich in diverse kinds of bioactive secondary metabolites. It contributed to many biotechnological applications and its metabolites are used in the synthesis of certain pharmaceuticals and food products, in addition to its useful uses in fermentation processes. There are about 346 compounds identified from marine and terrestrial-derived A. terreus from 1987 until 2022, 172 compounds of them proved a vast array of bioactivity. This review aimed to create an up-to-date comprehensive literature data of A. terreus’s secondary metabolites classes supported by its different bioactivity data to be a scientific record for the next work in drug discovery. 

/pdf/unearthing-the-fungal-endophyte-aspergillus-terreus-for-27zra82m.pdf

Unearthing the fungal endophyte Aspergillus terreus for chemodiversity and medicinal prospects: a comprehensive review

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant microbial strains spurred the search for antimicrobial agents; as a result, two distinct approaches were combined: four in vitro studies and four corresponding molecular docking investigations. Antituberculosis, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA), antifungal, and larvicidal activities of the crude extract, two fractions, and seven isolated compounds from Aspergillus terreus derived from Morus alba roots were explored. The isolated compounds (5 butyrolactones and 2 orsellinic acid derivatives) showed potent to moderate antitubercular activity with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 62.5 µg/mL (compared to isoniazid, 0.24 µg/mL) and promising anti-MRSA potential with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 8 to 25 mm. Additionally, the in silico study proved that the isolated compounds bind to the two corresponding proteins' active sites with high to moderate -(C-Docker interaction energies) and stable interactions. The isolated compounds displayed antifungal activities against different fungal strains at diverse degrees of activity, among them compound (8"S,9")-dihydroxy-dihydrobutyrolactone I eliciting the best antifungal activity. Meanwhile, all isolated compounds, fractions, and the crude extract demonstrated extremely selective potent to moderate activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. The isolated five butyrolactone derivatives could develop potential mosquito larvicidal agents as a result of promising docking outcomes in the larval enzyme carboxylesterase.

Unveiling the Antimicrobial and Larvicidal Potential of Butyrolactones and Orsellinic Acid Derivatives from the Morus alba-derived Fungus Aspergillus terreus via Integrated In-vitro and In-silico Approaches.

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Unearthing the fungal endophyte Aspergillus terreus for chemodiversity and medicinal prospects: a comprehensive review

Unveiling the Antimicrobial and Larvicidal Potential of Butyrolactones and Orsellinic Acid Derivatives from the Morus alba-derived Fungus Aspergillus terreus via Integrated In-vitro and In-silico Approaches.