Biodiversity, a measure of the health of biological system, is a variation in the life form in a given ecosystem over a time period. Biodiversity supports the earth’s life systems by stabilizing the foundation for crucial ecosystem services. Reviewing literature, this paper explains the current status of biodiversity in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. The author chose these South Asian countries because despite housing spectacular natural beauty and biological wealth and significantly contributing to the life support systems, biodiversity has been severely threatened by direct and/or indirect actions of human beings in this world’s second most densely populated region. Many natural habitats have been fragmented from excessive human pressures. Some species are in the verge of extinction. As further threats to biodiversity continue, it is likely that these countries might experience unprecedented environmental consequences, such as floods and climate change. In response to these possible unprecedented changes, attempts have been made to conserve and improve the ecosystem services through the conservation of biodiversity; however, all these activities have been insufficient to replenish the lost resources that have been overexploited. The author argues that there is an urgent need of institutional setup to disseminate a highly reliable and meaningful information system at different levels, which is missing in these countries.

/pdf/the-problems-and-consequences-of-the-biodiversity-15su96wm7q.pdf

The Problems and Consequences of the Biodiversity Conservation: A Case Study from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan

A review of transboundary protected areas network establishment

This study reviewed the policies and outcomes of international support for forest management in Nepal and answered whether international support on forest management in developing countries resulted in positive socioeconomic and environmental outcomes at local communities. The evaluation is based on the socio-ecological theory and synergies-tradeoff model of forestry ecosystems goods and services. The study shows that the international interventions influenced national policies and community forestry practices, which contributed to the remarkable increase of forest stock. The new forestry institutions increased timber product supplies to urban users and contributed to offsetting of greenhouse gas emission of affluent societies in overseas. However, the intervention spoiled centuries of old forestry practices, which had contributed to the evolvement of socio-ecological condition, sustained local economy and environment systems. The new forestry institutions and practices locked local opportunities of multipurpose uses of forest, worsened water yield and local knowledge, and hampered local economic activities. Consequently they affected habitat diversities for forest based species, and forest resource supplies for sustaining agrobiodiversities and local food security. In reality the interventions increased benefit to distant users (urban users in the country and affluent societies in overseas) and further marginalized local communities and particularly socially disadvantaged people. The paper shows that the international forestry policies and supports are technically wrong or poorly based on science which is against their promise of providing better technical supports and benefiting local communities in developing countries. It argues that the interventions created many complexities in forestry institutions and practices which require too costly endeavor to change and address the local socioeconomic and environmental problems. The paper has explained the root cause of the international policy problem on many schools of thought.

/pdf/the-local-environmental-economic-and-social-tragedies-of-4xbwmpq7m4.pdf

The Local Environmental, Economic and Social Tragedies of International Interventions on Community Based Forest Management for Global Environmental Conservation: A Critical Evaluation

In the Garhwal of Uttarakhand, India, the Bhotiya, an ethnically and culturally distinct tribal group, were historically engaged in seasonal migration (i.e. transhumance) to take advantage of scarce mountain resources and trade relations with Tibet. This livelihood practice has all but disappeared. Households are adapting to these changing circumstances by engaging in the collection and sale of the valuable alpine medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, widely known as Cordyceps. The collection of this fungus has exploded, emerging as a lucrative yet high-risk livelihood strategy for many Bhotiya communities. The Bhotiyas’ historic herding and trade-based interactions and knowledge of these alpine environments where Cordyceps are found uniquely positions them to access this valuable biological resource. Elsewhere in the Himalayan region, some households are earning as much as two-thirds of their income from the collection of Cordyceps; in China Cordyceps is now listed as an endangered species due to intense overexploitation in the Tibetan Plateau. This paper seeks to fill the void in the scientific literature on the social, ecological and economic aspects of the emerging Cordyceps trade in the Garhwal. Our study investigates the socio-spatial dimensions of Cordyceps collection in the high alpine meadows. We document how a fusion of local knowledge and practice with alpine mountain

/pdf/political-ecology-of-cordyceps-in-the-garhwal-himalaya-of-38jpqnl17y.pdf

Political ecology of cordyceps in the garhwal himalaya of northern india

Biodiversity management is under threat due to habitat loss and or modifications resulting from deforestation, increased farming, overgrazing and human settlement. There is need for an organized process as well as community participation in transboundary conservation. The entire Serengeti-Masai Mara Ecosystem the world famous Serengeti Game Park and Maasai Mara National Reserve and includes the Maswa Game Reserve (2,200km2) in the south, Grumeti and Ikorongo Game Reserves in the east, Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya (1,672km2) to the north, and Loliondo Game Controlled Area in the west. The paper reviews the level of policy compliance and strategy integration of international cooperation in transboundary ecosystem of environment in Kenya and Tanzania in order to determine the extent to which the states have complied with international protocols. An assessment of documentary evidence on the level of effectiveness in the integration of transboundary cooperation in policies and legal frameworks and field data were collected from 35 residents around the SME using questionnaires. The sample was convenient sampling in which only adults who gad interacted with conservation areas were interviewed. Additionally a cross tabulation using check list on policies related to biodiversity in the East African Community region, and policy prescriptions was made. The achievement of the cooperation obligations is not a benchmark to demonstrate cooperation but rather the number of prescriptions per legal framework on cooperation reflects more authority on domestication and application of the legal frameworks in transboundary matters.

http://medcraveebooks.com/view/Determining-Compliance-of-Transboundary-Cooperation-for-Biodiversity-Management-in-the-Serengeti-Mara-Ecosystem-East-Africa.pdf

Determining Compliance of Transboundary Cooperation for Biodiversity Management in the Serengeti- Mara Ecosystem, East Africa

SUMMARY Transboundary biodiversity conservation (TBC) is one of the most important components of emerging large-scale conservation approaches Nepal could provide a good example of effective TBC implementation Most of the protected areas and biodiversity hotspots of Nepal lie along the international boundaries with China and India and represent mainly two ecoregions-Alpine Shrubs and Meadows in the mountains and Tarai-Duar Savannas and Grassland in the lowland tarai Key management issues within these TBC sites include illegal hunting, or poaching, illegal trade of wildlife species and their products, commercial logging, illegal harvesting and smuggling of forest products, and transboundary migration and/or movement of wildlife species The main objective of this paper is to explore the issues, options and initiatives relating to TBC in Nepal Specifically, the paper will address (a) potential TBC sites, (b) major existing and emerging issues that demand TBC, and (c) possible mechanisms to address the is

Transboundary Biodiversity Conservation Initiative

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Transboundary Biodiversity Conservation Initiative