This paper reviews some of the current developments in the determination of stress concentration factor in pressure vessels at openings. The literature has indicated a growing interest in the field of stress concentration analysis in the pressure vessels. The motivation for this research is to analyze the stress concentration occurring at the openings of the pressure vessels and the means to reduce the effect of the same. Most of the researchers have worked on the stress concentration occurring at circular and radial openings in the shell under internal pressure. Also some of the researchers have worked on holes in the end covers. In this paper the recent developments, theories for estimation of stress concentration are presented and the scope for future studies is also presented.

https://www.rroij.com/open-access/stress-concentration-at-openings-in-pressurevessels--a-review.pdf

Stress Concentration at Openings in PressureVessels Ã¢ÂÂ A Review

The stress state of a shallow isotropic spherical shell with circular rigid inclusions subject to a force or a moment is determined. The case of two inclusions of unequal radii is analyzed numerically. It is established that the stresses in the shell increase substantially with decrease in the inclusion radius and the distance between the two inclusions

Stresses in a Spherical Shell Loaded Through Rigid Inclusions

Abstract This study introduces a new definition of the strain-concentration factor (SNCF) of thick walled internally pressurized cylinders. The stress state has been considered in this new definition; i.e. triaxial and biaxial stress states for closed and open ends, respectively. Primarily, the curvature effect of the strain concentration has been studied here. To this end, the inner radius of the employed cylinders has been changed from 0.5 to 50.8 mm. On the other hand, the thickness has been kept constant at 16.7 mm. Moreover, the thickness has been fragmented to 37 elements to study the thickness effect for each case. The results show that the tangential (hoop) strain regularly spread over the whole thickness. It has been revealed that the maximum value of the tangential strain occurs on the inner surface of the cylinder. In particular, it rapidly decreases from a maximum value on the inner surface to reach its minimum value on the outer surface, which is nearly equal to the average value of hoop strain through the thickness. The results also demonstrate that tangential strain values decrease with the increase of the inner radius for any thickness. It is clear that the rate of decrease of the hoop strain changes abruptly with decreasing the inner radius of the cylinder. This led to localization of the strain concentration on the inner surface of the cylinder due to curvature, making the values of the strain concentration factor very high on the inner surface of the cylinder. In addition, the strain concentration factor decreases through the thickness of the cylinder from the inner to outer surfaces, and the rate of the decrease is increasing with a decreasing inner radius of the cylinder. The current results introduce the serious effect of the curvature on the strain concentration even if there are no irregularities in the cylinder.

/pdf/strain-concentration-factor-of-internally-pressurized-thick-4ssuoivur5.pdf

Strain-Concentration Factor of Internally Pressurized Thick-Walled Cylinders

UDC 539.3 We have solved analytically the problem of the stressed state in an isotropic shallow spherical shell with two circular holes. The cases of the close location of holes of both equal and unequal radii in the shell under the action of internal pressure have been investigated numerically. We have detected a considerable increase in stresses on the bulkhead between the holes at their approach. Stress concentration in plates and shells with several holes has been investigated since long ago [2], but, nevertheless, these data remain important for engineering practice [3–8], especially in the case of close location of the holes between themselves [7]. Numerical results for an isotropic shallow spherical shell with two equal circular holes under the action of internal pressure are described in [1, 2]. Here, the minimal bulkhead width constituted 0.7 of the hole radius. As shown in [7] for a stretched plate with two holes, a significant increase in stress concentration takes place if the holes are located closely. Therefore, in the present work, we study the cases of close location of two circular holes (including unequal) in a spherical shell.

Stress concentration in a spherical shell with two neighboring circular holes

A number of analytical and numerical techniques are available for the two dimensional study of stress concentration around the hole(s) and notches in isotropic and orthotropic plates subjected to in- plane or transverse loading conditions. The influence of the structural dimension D/A (where D is hole diameter and A is plate width) ratio upon stress concentration factor for different cases is studied in the present work but plate with center hole is created and adjacent small holes created but diameter is varied and distance between one hole to another is also varied so finally study the stress concentration around the holes using ANSYS software. work is to investigates how part geometry can influence the maximum stress found at critical points for a rectangular plate with a large hole in the center and changing the adjacent small hole diameters to see the effects on the magnitude of the maximum stress and understand how this influences the stress concentration factor. The symmetry of this condition will be used to make the analysis simpler by dividing the part into quarters and finally estimating the fatigue life of the plate with varied parameters.

Finite element analysis and fatigue life estimation of plate with different stress levels

The analysis of stress concentration factor (SCF) of adjacent holes in a spherical pressure vessel can be approached by considering a thin plate undergoing hydrostatic stresses. This work adopts the approach to investigate the SCF of various adjacent holes configurations in a spherical pressure vessel using finite element analysis. The von Mises stress is considered to determine the SCF. Various arrangements of adjacent holes are investigated i.e., two, three, four, and five adjacent holes are taken into account. The SCF curves with respect to the ratio of the distance between adjacent holes to the diameter of hole, L/d, and for a certain ratio of the diameter of hole to the plate thickness, d/t, are then plotted. The results show that the decreasing of L/d will affect the increasing of SCF, while for the case of five adjacent holes configuration, the increasing of d/t doesn't make any significant effect to the increasing of SCF.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:131818/A1.2.pdf

Stress concentration factors of various adjacent holes configurations in a spherical pressure vessel

Sufistic literature that is known today cannot be separated from the influence of previously established literary developments such as classical poetry in Arabic literary discourse. On the other hand, this is also inseparable from the influence of the development of Islam. Nasib; the ghazal element 

From Erotic to Esoteric: The Relation of Imagination-Creative of Sufistic Literature

This article aims to analysis the description of zodiac filled in the manuscript titled ’Abi@ Ma‘syari al-Falakiyyi al-Kabi@r . A Persian language work is translated into Malay language by ‘At}a> Rah}man. Image circle in the sky centered to ecliptic that sourced from Greek civilization translated into Arabic language and described uniquely. The translation and the description are applicated through three ways namely, (1) the translated into Arabic language , (2) the described base on classical element, and (3) the described into Malay poetry. This study denote the documentary study for showing that the zodiac filled into this manuscript have same meaning as the zodiac therminology from those Greek civilization. The similiarity can be seen from symbol base on Greek language with it Arab meaning. Besides, in this manuscript there are classification the twelve of zodiacs into the four elements of classical Greek. Those four elements are meant for explainating the occurrence of natural system related to zodiac owner personality. The manuscript of zodiac description at the end used the Malay poetry and explaned character and personal of the zodiac owner from Malay poetry point of view..

/pdf/malay-poetry-as-media-of-zodiac-explaination-and-its-2f7r9vz2.pdf

Malay Poetry as Media of Zodiac Explaination and Its Relation in Manuscript ’Abi@ Ma‘syari al-Falakiyyi al-Kabi@r

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Stress concentration factors of various adjacent holes configurations in a spherical pressure vessel

From Erotic to Esoteric: The Relation of Imagination-Creative of Sufistic Literature

Malay Poetry as Media of Zodiac Explaination and Its Relation in Manuscript ’Abi@ Ma‘syari al-Falakiyyi al-Kabi@r