© 2003 Human Kinetics • ATT 8(3), pp. 37-39 SINGLE-LEG-STANCE test is one assessment tool used by clinicians to detect postural instability in athletes with lower extremity joint injury. Physically active individuals with joint instability, however, are quite capable of stabilizing normally on a single leg, and many sports-medicine clinicians question the functionality of this test.1-3 More dynamic tests would seem to offer a greater challenge than single-leg-stance tests, but clinicians have struggled to quantify postural stability during dynamic tests.4 The inability to quantify postural stability during dynamic tests, therefore, has hampered clinicians’ ability to speculate on the effects of joint instability on dynamic postural stability. Developing a measure that could quantify dynamic postural stability could help clinicians identify joint instability that might otherwise go undetected during a single-leg-stance test. Our purpose is to describe a method for calculating time to stabilization (TTS). This parameter is a quantitative force-plate measure that is used to evaluate dynamic postural stability. The TTS measure provides an indication of how quickly individuals stabilize after a jump landing. Although relatively new, the TTS is one of very few dynamic postural-stability measures reported in the literature that has detected differences between individuals with stable and unstable joints during a dynamic test.5,6 The details of calculating the TTS have not been published, and our goal here is to provide a description of the data collection and analysis of the TTS during a jump-stabilization maneuver.

RESEARCH DIGEST Time to Stabilization: A Method for Analyzing Dynamic Postural Stability

The effect of footwear on balance

Ankle injuries are common in a wide variety of individuals, ranging from physically-active students to ballet dancers, and from college athletes to military personnel. It has been estimated that nearly 28,000 ankle injuries occur in the United States each day. If specific laboratory measurements can be shown to be sensitive enough to detect differences between healthy controls (CON) and individuals with chronic ankle instability as a result of lateral ankle sprains (CAI-LAS), those measures can be utilized in assessments of injury risk, assist in monitoring rehabilitation from injury, and be incorporated as measures of potential improvement in training interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine if differences in laboratory measures of ankle flexibility, proprioception, strength, and postural stability existed in soccer players, with and without chronic ankle instability. The laboratory measurements for this study included ankle range of motion (ROM), the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), lower leg musculature size, threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM), strength, time to peak torque (TTPT), static postural stability, and dynamic postural stability. ROM was significantly worse (p ≤ 0.039) in CAI-LAS. Performance on the SEBT was significantly lower for the anterior reach (p ≤ 0.040), posteromedial reach (p ≤ 0.016), and composite score (p = 0.018). Inversion TTDPM was 56.5% worse in CAI-LAS compared to CON (p = 0.016). There was not a statistically significant difference (p = 0.181) for eversion TTDPM, however CAI-LAS had 24.1% greater error. There were no significant differences reported between the groups for musculature size, strength, TTPT, or postural stability, however, trends did exist in the data that are indicative of diminished neuromuscular characteristics. Utilization of ankle ROM and proprioception assessments as part of a screening tool may highlight neuromuscular deficiencies that can be improved with more individualized training aimed at preventing injury occurrence.

Comparing Measures of Ankle Proprioception, Strength, and Postural Stability in Male Soccer Players With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability as a Result of Non-Contact Lateral Ankle Sprains

This study was undertaken to explore the nature of impaired postural stability following physical exercise. Nine healthy subjects (aged 24 +/- 3 years) were subjected to 30 min of treadmill walking or running on two separate occasions. Walking and running speeds (1.9 to 2.2 m/s) were chosen to induce equal energy expenditure. During treadmill exercise, kinematic analysis of head movement was performed. Prior to and immediately following exercise, postural sway was evaluated as mean velocity of centre of pressure (VCOP), measured on a force plate during 30 s quiet stance with eyes open or eyes closed. The results indicate that exercise increased two-dimensional postural sway by 9 - 19 % in eyes open, but not in the eyes closed condition. The deteriorating effect of exercise was both evident in the sagittal and in the frontal plane, although the effect on the former was slightly more transient. Post-exercise sway values were significantly higher after running than after walking. Kinematic analysis of head movement confirmed larger vertical displacement and acceleration pattern in running compared to walking. It is concluded that exercise of moderate intensity deteriorates visual contribution to postural stability. The effect is evident as an initial destabilisation in the sagittal direction and a less transient loss of latero-lateral stability. Running tends to disturb postural stability more than walking, possibly due to more excessive head movement and disturbance of vestibular and visual information centres.

Treadmill exercise negatively affects visual contribution to static postural stability

/pdf/better-dynamic-postural-stability-while-wearing-minimalist-4spjess8qs.pdf

Better Dynamic Postural Stability While Wearing Minimalist Footwear in Physically-Active Male Adults

Introduction: Dynamic postural stability is a commonly studied risk factor for lower-extremity injury. Single leg jump-landings (SLJL) and the dynamic postural stability index (DPSI) are widely used methods for testing and calculating dynamic postural stability. Two different SLJL protocols are often used to calculate DPSI scores throughout the literature: one is based on normalized jump distance (NDP) and the other is based on normalized jump height (RWDP), with or without shoes. Given the prevalence of these protocols, it is important to compare DPSI scores during the two different SLJL measures while examining the effect of footwear. Methods: Subjects (n=25) completed the two SLJL protocols shod and barefoot. Both protocols required subjects to jump-off two feet and land with their dominant foot on a force-plate. Based on normality, paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient were used to compare and measure the relationship between the two protocols under two footwear conditions (p<0.05). Results: The NDP and RWDP were not significantly different from each other in either footwear condition (p=0.233; 0.654). The two protocols were significantly correlated under the barefoot condition (r=0.565; p=0.003), but not under the shod condition (r=0.382, p=0.060). NDP scores under the shod and barefoot conditions were significantly different (p<0.001) but correlated (r=0.870, p<0.001). RWDP scores under the shod and barefoot conditions were not significantly different (p=0.090) and correlated (r=0.786, p<0.001). Conclusion: Different protocols and footwear conditions may impact DPSI scores. Therefore, a standardized protocol and footwear condition should be established for future studies.

/pdf/comparison-and-correlation-of-dynamic-postural-stability-1gnhdosjqa.pdf

Comparison and correlation of dynamic postural stability indices obtained during different dynamic landing tasks and footwear conditions

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Comparison and correlation of dynamic postural stability indices obtained during different dynamic landing tasks and footwear conditions