The cytoplasm is the largest part of the cell by volume and hence its rheology sets the rate at which cellular shape changes can occur. Recent experimental evidence suggests that cytoplasmic rheology can be described by a poroelastic model, in which the cytoplasm is treated as a biphasic material consisting of a porous elastic solid meshwork (cytoskeleton, organelles, macromolecules) bathed in an interstitial fluid (cytosol). In this picture, the rate of cellular deformation is limited by the rate at which intracellular water can redistribute within the cytoplasm. However, direct supporting evidence for the model is lacking. Here we directly validate the poroelastic model to explain cellular rheology at physiologically relevant timescales using microindentation tests in conjunction with mechanical, chemical and genetic treatments. Our results show that water redistribution through the solid phase of the cytoplasm (cytoskeleton and macromolecular crowders) plays a fundamental role in setting cellular rheology.

/pdf/the-cytoplasm-of-living-cells-behaves-as-a-poroelastic-4vnk4cfyff.pdf

The cytoplasm of living cells behaves as a poroelastic material

Interest in hydrogel materials is growing rapidly, due to the potential for hydrogel use in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications, and as coatings on medical devices. However, a key limitation with the use of hydrogel materials in many applications is their relatively poor mechanical properties compared with those of (less biocompatible) solid polymers. In this review, basic chemistry, microstructure and processing routes for common natural and synthetic hydrogel materials are explored first. Underlying structure–properties relationships for hydrogels are considered. A series of mechanical testing modalities suitable for hydrogel characterisation are next considered, including emerging test modalities, such as nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation. As the data analysis depends in part on the material’s constitutive behaviour, a series of increasingly complex constitutive models will be examined, including elastic, viscoelastic and theories that explicitly treat ...

Mechanical characterisation of hydrogel materials

The coupling between subsurface flow and geomechanical deformation is critical in the assessment of the environmental impacts of groundwater use, underground liquid waste disposal, geologic storage of carbon dioxide, and exploitation of shale gas reserves. In particular, seismicity induced by fluid injection and withdrawal has emerged as a central element of the scientific discussion around subsurface technologies that tap into water and energy resources. Here we present a new computational approach to model coupled multiphase flow and geomechanics of faulted reservoirs. We represent faults as surfaces embedded in a three-dimensional medium by using zero-thickness interface elements to accurately model fault slip under dynamically evolving fluid pressure and fault strength. We incorporate the effect of fluid pressures from multiphase flow in the mechanical stability of faults and employ a rigorous formulation of nonlinear multiphase geomechanics that is capable of handling strong capillary effects. We develop a numerical simulation tool by coupling a multiphase flow simulator with a mechanics simulator, using the unconditionally stable fixed-stress scheme for the sequential solution of two-way coupling between flow and geomechanics. We validate our modeling approach using several synthetic, but realistic, test cases that illustrate the onset and evolution of earthquakes from fluid injection and withdrawal.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2013WR015175

Coupled multiphase flow and poromechanics: A computational model of pore pressure effects on fault slip and earthquake triggering

The 2016 Mw5.1 Fairview, Oklahoma earthquakes: Evidence for long-range poroelastic triggering at >40 km from fluid disposal wells

Hydrologic responses to earthquakes, including liquefaction, changes in stream and spring discharge, changes in the properties of groundwater such as geochemistry, temperature and turbidity, changes in the water level in wells, and the eruption of mud volcanoes, have been documented for thousands of years. Except for some water-level changes in the near field which can be explained by poroelastic responses to static stress changes, most hydrologic responses, both within and beyond the near field, can only be explained by the dynamic responses associated with seismic waves. For these responses, the seismic energy density e may be used as a general metric to relate and compare the various hydrologic responses. We show that liquefaction, eruption of mud volcanoes and increases in streamflow are bounded by e � 10 )1 Jm )3 ; temperature changes in hot springs are bounded by e � 10 )2 Jm )3 ; most sustained groundwater changes are bounded by e � 10 )3 Jm )3 ; geysers and triggered seismicity may respond to seismic energy density as small as 10 )3 and 10 )4 Jm )3 , respectively. Comparing the threshold energy densities with published laboratory measurements, we show that undrained consolidation induced by dynamic stresses can explain liquefaction only in the near field, but not beyond the near field. We propose that in the intermediate field and far field, most responses are triggered by changes in permeability that in turn are a response to the cyclic deformation and oscillatory fluid flow. Published laboratory measurements confirm that changes in flow and time-varying stresses can change permeability, inducing both increases and decreases. Field measurements in wells also indicate that permeability can be changed by earthquakes in the intermediate field and far field. Further work, in particular field monitoring and measurements, are needed to assess the generality of permeability changes in explaining far-field hydrologic responses to earthquakes.

/pdf/hydrologic-responses-to-earthquakes-and-a-general-metric-6wox1hmlmh.pdf

Hydrologic Responses to Earthquakes and a General Metric

Theory of linear poroelasticity with applications to geomechanics and hydrogeology

Theory of linear poroelasticity with applications to geomechanics and hydrogeologyPrinceton University Press; ISBN 0-691-03746-9; Author Herbert F. Wang, 2000, 287 pp.

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Theory of linear poroelasticity with applications to geomechanics and hydrogeology

Theory of linear poroelasticity with applications to geomechanics and hydrogeologyPrinceton University Press; ISBN 0-691-03746-9; Author Herbert F. Wang, 2000, 287 pp.