The stabilities of three natural blue colorants—gardenia blue, phycocyanin and indigo—toward heat and light were studied in simple solutions of various pH. Gardenia blue was found to be stable at temperatures up to 80 °C in aqueous solution at pH 3, 5 and 7. Exposure to light of 3×105 lux for 24 hours resulted in approximately 50% degradation of gardenia blue in aqueous solution. Phycocyanin was found to be unstable to heat and light in aqueous solution. Phycocyanin is insoluble in acidic solution (pH 3) and denatures at temperatures above 45 °C at pH 5 and 7, leading to a color change. Exposure to light of 3×105 lux for 24 hours in aqueous solution at pH 5 and 7 caused ~80% degradation. Indigo was found to be stable in medium-chain-triglyceride oil for temperatures up to 90 °C, but to photodegrade (by approximately 70% after five hours of exposure to 3×105 lux), corresponding to a quantum yield of 1.8×10−4 mol Einstein−1 for visible light and 1.4×10−2 mol Einstein−1 for UV, as determined for monochromatic light of 600 and 313 nm, respectively. Exploratory studies have been carried out with the three blue colorants in application media such as soft drink, jelly gum, hard candy and sugar coating for soft candy. Despite its lower stability towards heat and light, phycocyanin was concluded to be the more versatile blue food colorant among the three studied, showing a bright blue color in jelly gum and coated soft candy.

Heat and light stability of three natural blue colorants for use in confectionery and beverages

The content of indigo precursors in Isatis tinctoria leaves — a comparative study of selected accessions and post-harvest treatments

The purpose of this review is to promote a discussion about the potential implications of herb production in controlled environments, focusing on our recent works conducted with feverfew. Research suggests that the content of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants fluctuates with changing environmental conditions. Our studies with feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium [L.] Schultz-Bip., Asteraceae) lend support to this hypothesis. Feverfew plants exposed to different water and light conditions immediately before harvest exhibited changes in content of some secondary metabolites. The highest yield of parthenolide (PRT) was in plants that received reduced-water regimes. Phenolics concentration however, was higher in plants receiving daily watering. Light immediately before harvest enhanced accumulation of PRT, but reduced the phenolic content. Notably, PRT decreased at night whereas total phenolics decreased during the photoperiod and increased at night. PRT also increased with increased plant spacing. UV light supplementation increased PRT only in plants that had undergone water stress, whereas phenolics increased when UV was applied to continuosly watered plants. Clearly, production of medicinal plants under greenhouse conditions is a promising method for controlling levels of phytochemicals through manipulation of light and water as discussed here, and possibly other environmental factors such as temperature and daylength. However, better understanding of how the environment alter secondary metabolite levels is needed as it was revealed that manipulating the environment to favor increased accumulation of one group of phytochemicals could result in a decline of other key metabolites.

/pdf/potential-implications-of-medicinal-plant-production-in-b6tb9m15om.pdf

Potential Implications of Medicinal Plant Production in Controlled Environments: The case of Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium)

A metabolite-profiling study of shock-frozen leaves of Isatis tinctoria L., an old indigo dye plant and medicinal herb, revealed a complex pattern of indigo-forming compounds with higher polarities than the known indigo precursors isatan B and indican. These highly unstable compounds underwent rapid post-harvest transformation and were not detected in air-dried leaves. The major indigo precursor, named isatan A (4), was isolated by rapid normal-phase and gel chromatography, along with isatan B (3). A full spectral data set of 3 showed that the previous structure assignment as 'indoxyl-5-ketogluconate' has to be revised to 1H-indol-3-yl beta-D-ribohex-3-ulopyranoside. Isatan A (4) was identified as 1H-indol-3-yl 6'-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-ribohex-3'-ulopyranoside. In aqueous solution, glycosides 3 and 4 occur as hydrates and undergo rapid hydrolysis under very mild acidic or basic conditions.

The elusive indigo precursors in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.)--identification of the major indigo precursor, isatan A, and a structure revision of isatan B.

Editors' Preface. Part I: Upstream Processes and Fermentation. Pretreatment processes of molasses for the utilization in fermentation processes G. Calik, et al. Lactic acid fermentation of hemicellulose liquors and their activated carbon pretreatments J. Perttunen, et al. Enzymic solubilisation of proteins from tropical tuna using alcalase and some biological properties of the hydrolysates F. Guerard, et al. Influence of the experimental conditions on the hydrolysis process in fish hydrolysates R. Ravallec-Ple, et al. Part II: Process Modelling. Mathematical modelling of microbial processes - Motivation and means T. Agger, J. Nielsen. Macroscopic modelling of bioprocesses with a view to engineering applications Ph. Bogaerts, R. Hanus. A Model discrimination approach for data analysis and experimental design R. Takors, et al. Model based sequential experimental design for bioprocess optimisation - An overview R. Berkholz, R. Guthke. Metabolic flux modelling as a tool to analyse the behavior of a genetically modified strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae J.M. Urrieta-Saltijeral, et al. Metabolic investigation of an anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium: Fibrobacter succinogenes C. Creuly, et al. Part III: Integrated Processes. Crossflow ultrafiltration of Bacillus licheniformis fermentation medium to separate protease enzymes S. Takac, et al. Part IV: Monitoring and Control. Evaluating KLa during fermentation using many methods simultaneously K. Pouliot, et al. Respiration quotient: estimation during batch cultivation in bicarbonate buffered media R. Neeleman. Fermentation phase detection using fuzzy clustering techniques and neural networksfor improved control T.K. Hamrita, S. Wang. Simulation, design and model based predictive control of photobioreactors J.-F. Cornet, et al. Part V: Reactor Engineering. Bioreactors for space: biotechnology of the next century I. Walther, et al. Part VI: Immobilisation and Permeabilisation. State of the art developments in immobilised yeast technology for brewing C.A. Masschelein, J. Vandenbussche. Immobilized yeast bioreactor systems for brewing -- Recent achievements V.A. Nedovic, et al. New matrices and bioencapsulation processes U. Jahnz, et al. Part VII: Downstream Processing. Industrial downstream processing M. Laustsen. Separation of a-lactalbumin and b-lactoglobulin by preparative chromatography using simulated moving beds S.L. Lucena, et al. High-speed pectic enzyme fractionation by immobilised metal ion affinity membranes S.A. Camperi, et al. Part VIII: Economic Finalities. Economic benefits of the application of biotechnology -- Examples M. Etschmann, et al. Enzyme stability and stabilisation: applications and case Studies G.A. Drago, T.D. Gibson. Improvements of enzyme stability and specificity by genetic engineering M. Pohl, M.-R. Kula. An approach to desiccation-tolerant bacteria in starter culture production F. Weekers, et al. Biotechnological research and the dairy industry H. Neubauer, B. Mollet. Immobilised cell technology in winery and fruit wine production R. Cachon, C. Divies. A new polysaccharide derived from plant rhizosphere: production, purification and physico-chemical properties J.M. Crompin, et al. Initiation, growth and immobilisation of cell cultures of Taxus spp. for placlitaxel production C.W. Tang,<

/pdf/engineering-and-manufacturing-for-biotechnology-119pv4ehnz.pdf

Engineering and manufacturing for biotechnology

In woad (Isatis tinctoria), field observations indicated, that after periods of dry sunny weather, indigo yields increased significantly, suggesting that light intensity and quality affected indigo precursor production. Therefore, woad was grown under different light intensities and in the presence or absence of supplementary UV light. In general, plants supplied with more light produced more indigo than those given lesser light. When plants under greater light regimes were transferred to lesser light conditions, then indigo production declined. The opposite was also true, indicating that greater indigo production can be obtained from plants harvested after periods of increased sunlight.

Influence of light on natural indigo production from woad (Isatis tinctoria)

Now welcome, the most inspiring book today from a very professional writer in the world, transgenic plants a production system for industrial and pharmaceutical proteins. This is the book that many people in the world waiting for to publish. After the announced of this book, the book lovers are really curious to see how this book is actually. Are you one of them? That's very proper. You may not be regret now to seek for this book to read.

Transgenic Plants: A Production System for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Proteins. Edited by Meran R. L. Owen and Jan Pen

transduction, its role in pathenogenesis and stress, its involvement in plant growth and development, and the biotechnological control of its function and formation. The book contains 42 chapters, written by experts in the field; it provides an informative update on current research into this ubiquitous plant hormone. Each chapter is concise and contains few illustrations, but all are accurate and well references. The contents are grouped into six sections which provide a basic theme as indicated above. Section 1 provides information on ACC synthase and ACC oxidase structure and function, the roles of auxin and jasmonates in ethylene biosynthesis and the involvement of ethylene autocatalysis in fruit ripening. Ethylene perception and signal transduction pathways are described in Section 2. The role of ethylene in developmental processes, such as stem development, flowering, circadian rhythms, seed dormancy and fruit ripening, is covered in the next section. A further section is devoted specifically to ethylene and senescence of plant organs, with some emphasis on abscission-related gene expression. Section 5 contains nine chapters devoted to the involvement of ethylene in stress-related phenomena. The final section provides some insights into molecular biological advances which are being utilised by gene technology to control ethylene, particularly to delay ripening and senescence. This book has been produced quickly so it should be of value to students, researchers and teachers interested in new developments in plant hormone research and plant biotechnology.

Photosynthesis and the Environment. Edited by Neil R. Baker

An improved method for the large-scale processing of woad (Isatis tinctoria) for possible commercial production of woad indigo

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Influence of light on natural indigo production from woad (Isatis tinctoria)

Transgenic Plants: A Production System for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Proteins. Edited by Meran R. L. Owen and Jan Pen

Photosynthesis and the Environment. Edited by Neil R. Baker

An improved method for the large-scale processing of woad (Isatis tinctoria) for possible commercial production of woad indigo