This review summarizes not only the fluorescent probes of rhodamine derivatives, but also the recent advances in rhodamine-based PSs in the treatment of various disease models. 

Fluorescent dyes based on rhodamine derivatives for bioimaging and therapeutics: recent progress, challenges, and prospects.

Phototheranostics for Multifunctional Treatment of Cancer with Fluorescence Imaging.

Abstract Near-infrared (NIR) organic small molecule dyes (OSMDs) are effective photothermal agents for photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their advantages of low cost and toxicity, good biodegradation, and strong NIR absorption over a wide wavelength range. Nevertheless, OSMDs have limited applicability in PTT due to their low photothermal conversion efficiency and inadequate destruction of tumor regions that are nonirradiated by NIR light. However, they can also act as photosensitizers (PSs) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be further eradicated by using ROS-related therapies to address the above limitations of PTT. In this review, the synergistic mechanism, composition, and properties of photodynamic therapy (PDT)–PTT nanoplatforms were comprehensively discussed. In addition, some specific strategies for further improving the combined PTT and PDT based on OSMDs for cancer to completely eradicate cancer cells were outlined. These strategies include performing image-guided co-therapy, enhancing tumor infiltration, increasing H 2 O 2 or O 2 in the tumor microenvironment, and loading anticancer drugs onto nanoplatforms to enable combined therapy with phototherapy and chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the intriguing prospects and challenges of this treatment modality were also summarized with a focus on the future trends of its clinical application. Graphical Abstract 

Near-infrared photodynamic and photothermal co-therapy based on organic small molecular dyes

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with an oxygen-dependent character is a noninvasive therapeutic method for cancer treatment. However, its clinical therapeutic effect is greatly restricted by tumor hypoxia. What's more, both PDT-mediated oxygen consumption and microvascular damage aggravate tumor hypoxia, thus, further impeding therapeutic outcomes. Compared to type II PDT with high oxygen dependence and high oxygen consumption, type I PDT with less oxygen consumption exhibits great potential to overcome the vicious hypoxic plight in solid tumors. Type I photosensitizers (PSs) are significantly important for determining the therapeutic efficacy of PDT, which performs an electron transfer photochemical reaction with the surrounding oxygen/substrates to generate highly cytotoxic free radicals such as superoxide radicals (˙O2-) as type I ROS. In particular, the primary precursor (˙O2-) would progressively undergo a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mediated disproportionation reaction and a Haber-Weiss/Fenton reaction, yielding higher cytotoxic species (˙OH) with better anticancer effects. As a result, developing high-performance type I PSs to treat hypoxic tumors has become more and more important and urgent. Herein, the latest progress of organic type I PSs (such as AIE-active cationic/neutral PSs, cationic/neutral PSs, polymer-based PSs and supramolecular self-assembled PSs) for monotherapy or synergistic therapeutic modalities is summarized. The molecular design principles and strategies (donor-acceptor system, anion-π+ incorporation, polymerization and cationization) are highlighted. Furthermore, the future challenges and prospects of type I PSs in hypoxia-overcoming PDT are proposed.

Recent advances in type I organic photosensitizers for efficient photodynamic therapy for overcoming tumor hypoxia.

Photomediated immunotherapy explored to combine the anti-cancer effect of phototherapy with the immune enhancement ability of immunotherapy, and shown great prospects for cancer treatment strategies. However, photomediated immunotherapy triggered antitumor immunity through the release of tumor antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns from necrotic tumor cells was not enough mighty to improve the therapeutic benefits due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Herein, a tumor-targeted nano-adjuvant [email protected](OH)3-Poly(I:C)/IR-820 for tumor-targeted therapy and metastasis inhibition was designed and prepared. The intrinsic immunomodulatory effects of tumor-targeted nano-adjuvant and their ability to simultaneously trigger tumor antigen release, thereby reversing immunosuppression and achieving potent antitumor immunity and augmented cancer therapy, were explored. The results proved that the multifunctional nano-adjuvant combined with photothermal, photodynamic, and immunotherapy could effectively treat breast cancer and had metastasis inhibition effect by enhancing anti-tumor immunity through immunomodulation, it should have great application potential in the treatment of breast cancer. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/VIW.20220067

Tumor‐targeted nano‐adjuvants to synergize photomediated immunotherapy enhanced antitumor immunity

Engineering naphthalimide-cyanine integrated near-infrared dye into ROS-responsive nanohybrids for tumor PDT/PTT/chemotherapy

Process parameter and kinetic study for the azidation of a zidovudine intermediate with sodium azide in microreactors

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Engineering naphthalimide-cyanine integrated near-infrared dye into ROS-responsive nanohybrids for tumor PDT/PTT/chemotherapy

Process parameter and kinetic study for the azidation of a zidovudine intermediate with sodium azide in microreactors

Process parameter and kinetic study for the azidation of a zidovudine intermediate with sodium azide in microreactors