Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) and cancer--a survey.

https://www.gene-quantification.de/anker-et-al-cna-2001.pdf

Circulating nucleic acids in plasma/serum.

Cell-free RNA (cfRNA) is a promising analyte for cancer detection. However, a comprehensive assessment of cfRNA in individuals with and without cancer has not been conducted. We perform the first transcriptome-wide characterization of cfRNA in cancer (stage III breast [n = 46], lung [n = 30]) and non-cancer (n = 89) participants from the Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas (NCT02889978). Of 57,820 annotated genes, 39,564 (68%) are not detected in cfRNA from non-cancer individuals. Within these low-noise regions, we identify tissue- and cancer-specific genes, defined as “dark channel biomarker” (DCB) genes, that are recurrently detected in individuals with cancer. DCB levels in plasma correlate with tumor shedding rate and RNA expression in matched tissue, suggesting that DCBs with high expression in tumor tissue could enhance cancer detection in patients with low levels of circulating tumor DNA. Overall, cfRNA provides a unique opportunity to detect cancer, predict the tumor tissue of origin, and determine the cancer subtype. Cell-free RNA (cfRNA) is a promising analyte for cancer diagnosis. Here, the authors determine the baseline cell-free transcriptome in the absence of cancer and identify tissue- and subtype-specific cfRNA biomarkers in breast and lung cancer patients.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-characterization-of-the-cell-free-19wl1jcmje.pdf

A comprehensive characterization of the cell-free transcriptome reveals tissue- and subtype-specific biomarkers for cancer detection

Background: There is a need for development of molecular markers of cancer that can be used clinically for the detection, prognostication, and monitoring of cancer. Recently, there has been much interest in the potential use of nucleic acid markers in plasma and serum for this purpose.

Approach: We reviewed published literature up to 2002 on the topic, with a particular emphasis on reports published between 1996 and 2002.

Content: The nucleic acid markers described in plasma and serum include oncogene mutations/amplifications, microsatellite alterations, and gene rearrangements. Such markers have been described in many cancer types, including lung, colon, and breast. Epigenetic alterations, such as aberrant promoter methylation, have been identified in plasma and serum. Viral nucleic acid markers, such as Epstein–Barr virus DNA in plasma and serum, are reviewed in detail with regard to their application to virus-associated cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and various lymphomas. More recently, mitochondrial DNA and tumor-related mRNAs have been identified in plasma and serum from patients with several types of tumors.

Conclusions: Circulating nucleic acids are an emerging class of molecular tumor markers. Their wide applicability and clinical relationship with the malignant state will likely grant them increasing clinical importance in the near future.

http://www.gmo-qpcr-analysis.com/johnson-plasma-nucleic-acids-2002.pdf

Plasma nucleic acids in the diagnosis and management of malignant disease.

Biomarkers for early detection of breast cancer: what, when, and where?

It has been suggested that mammaglobin may be a useful marker for breast cancer clinical research. Studies investigating the detection of mRNA by RT-PCR from circulating carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients have shown that mammaglobin is a highly specific marker and correlates with several prognostic factors, such as lymph node involvement. We aimed to detect cell-free mammaglobin mRNA in the plasma of breast cancer patients and to investigate whether it can be used as a marker for diagnosis of breast cancer.

Detection of mammaglobin mRNA in the plasma of breast cancer patients.

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Detection of mammaglobin mRNA in the plasma of breast cancer patients.