National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

We formalize a new cryptographic primitive that we call Message-Locked Encryption (MLE), where the key under which encryption and decryption are performed is itself derived from the message. MLE provides a way to achieve secure deduplication (space-efficient secure outsourced storage), a goal currently targeted by numerous cloudstorage providers. We provide definitions both for privacy and for a form of integrity that we call tag consistency. Based on this foundation, we make both practical and theoretical contributions. On the practical side, we provide ROM security analyses of a natural family of MLE schemes that includes deployed schemes. On the theoretical side the challenge is standard model solutions, and we make connections with deterministic encryption, hash functions secure on correlated inputs and the sample-then-extract paradigm to deliver schemes under different assumptions and for different classes of message sources. Our work shows that MLE is a primitive of both practical and theoretical interest.

/pdf/message-locked-encryption-and-secure-deduplication-45mml7x0tj.pdf

Message-Locked Encryption and Secure Deduplication

Cloud storage service providers such as Dropbox, Mozy, and others perform deduplication to save space by only storing one copy of each file uploaded. Should clients conventionally encrypt their files, however, savings are lost. Message-locked encryption (the most prominent manifestation of which is convergent encryption) resolves this tension. However it is inherently subject to brute-force attacks that can recover files falling into a known set. We propose an architecture that provides secure deduplicated storage resisting brute-force attacks, and realize it in a system called DupLESS. In DupLESS, clients encrypt under message-based keys obtained from a key-server via an oblivious PRF protocol. It enables clients to store encrypted data with an existing service, have the service perform deduplication on their behalf, and yet achieves strong confidentiality guarantees. We show that encryption for deduplicated storage can achieve performance and space savings close to that of using the storage service with plaintext data.

/pdf/dupless-server-aided-encryption-for-deduplicated-storage-2b4heheurl.pdf

DupLESS: server-aided encryption for deduplicated storage

This paper considers the problem of secure storage of outsourced data in a way that permits deduplication. We are for the first time able to provide privacy for messages that are both correlated and dependent on the public system parameters. The new ingredient that makes this possible is interaction. We extend the message-locked encryption (MLE) primitive of prior work to interactive message-locked encryption (iMLE) where upload and download are protocols. Our scheme, providing security for messages that are not only correlated but allowed to depend on the public system parameters, is in the standard model. We explain that interaction is not an extra assumption in practice because full, existing deduplication systems are already interactive.

/pdf/interactive-message-locked-encryption-and-secure-4ocd0oazcg.pdf

Interactive Message-Locked Encryption and Secure Deduplication

We are interested in this problem: a verifier, with a small and reliable storage, wants to periodically check whether a remote server is keeping a large file x . A dishonest server, by adapting the challenges and responses, tries to discard partial information of x and yet evades detection. Besides the security requirements, there are considerations on communication, storage size and computation time. Juels et al. [10] gave a security model for Proof of Retrievability($\mathcal{POR}$) system. The model imposes a requirement that the original x can be recovered from multiple challenges-responses. Such requirement is not necessary in our problem. Hence, we propose an alternative security model for Remote Integrity Check($\mathcal{RIC}$). We study a few schemes and analyze their efficiency and security. In particular, we prove the security of a proposed scheme HENC . This scheme can be deployed as a $\mathcal{POR}$ system and it also serves as an example of an effective $\mathcal{POR}$ system whose "extraction" is not verifiable. We also propose a combination of the RSA-based scheme by Filho et al. [7] and the ECC-based authenticator by Naor et al. [12], which achieves good asymptotic performance. This scheme is not a $\mathcal{POR}$ system and seems to be a secure $\mathcal{RIC}$. In-so-far, all schemes that have been proven secure can also be adopted as $\mathcal{POR}$ systems. This brings out the question of whether there are fundamental differences between the two models. To highlight the differences, we introduce a notion, trap-door compression, that captures a property on compressibility.

/pdf/remote-integrity-check-with-dishonest-storage-server-q32jixx3g5.pdf

Remote Integrity Check with Dishonest Storage Server

In an effort to combine research in peer-to-peer systems with techniques for incremental backup systems, we propose pStore: a secure distributed backup system based on an adaptive peer-to-peer network. pStore exploits unused personal hard drive space attached to the Internet to provide the distributed redundancy needed for reliable and effective data backup. Experiments on a 30 node network show that 95% of the files in a 13 MB dataset can be retrieved even when 7 of the nodes have failed. On top of this reliability, pStore includes support for file encryption, versioning, and secure sharing. Its custom versioning system permits arbitrary version retrieval similar to CVS. pStore provides this functionality at less than 10% of the network bandwidth and requires 85% less storage capacity than simpler local tape backup schemes for a representative workload.

/pdf/pstore-a-secure-peer-to-peer-backup-system-3mffav39wj.pdf

pStore: A Secure Peer-to-Peer Backup System∗

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pStore: A Secure Peer-to-Peer Backup System∗