Collagen as the main protein in Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) is the main load-bearing component of fibrous tissues. Nanostructure and architecture of collagen fibrils play an important role in mechanical behavior of these tissues. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies have so far been performed to capture these properties, but none of the current models realistically represent the complexity of network mechanics because still less is known about the collagen's inner structure and its effect on the mechanical properties of tissues. The goal of this review article is to emphasize the significance of cross-links in computational modeling of different collagen-based tissues, and to reveal the need for continuum models to consider cross-links properties to better reflect the mechanical behavior observed in experiments. In addition, this study outlines the limitations of current investigations and provides potential suggestions for the future work. 

Review paper: The importance of consideration of collagen cross-links in computational models of collagen-based tissues

The rise of minimally invasive medical techniques and personalized healthcare has led to the development of bioresorbable polymer-based sensors for clinical use. These sensors, made from polymers like cellulose, chitosan, and alginates, can naturally decompose within the body, making them suitable for creating temporary and less intrusive medical sensors. Synthetic materials such as polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid are also under investigation for clinical applications. Bioresorption, a chemical decomposition process influenced by factors like water, enzymes, or microbes, allows these sensors to dissolve naturally, eliminating the need for surgical extraction. In orthopedics, these sensors can track stress and strain on implants or bones, dissolving after healing. In cardiovascular contexts, they monitor blood flow, heart rate, and arterial conditions. They also offer real-time data on drug delivery, improving dosage accuracy. Using naturally sourced bioresorbable polymers could reduce reliance on synthetic alternatives, benefiting the environment and providing cost-efficiency. Research is focused on refining bioresorption rates and polymer longevity, with advancements in miniaturization and materials science expanding their potential. In conclusion, bioresorbable polymer sensors are a promising advancement in medical technology, aligning with personalized healthcare trends and ecological responsibility, providing short-term monitoring without the need for surgical removal. 

Bioresorbable polymer-based sensors for medical applications

Successful stem cell applications could significantly impact the medical fields, where many lives are at stake. However, the translation of stem cells to the clinic could be improved by challenges in stem cell transplantation and in vivo retention at the site of tissue damage.  This review aims to provide the most recent insights into developing hydrogels that can deliver, retain, and accommodate stem cells for tissue repair. Hydrogels can be used for tissue engineering as their flexibility and water content makes them excellent substitutes for the native extracellular matrix. Moreover, the mechanical properties of hydrogels are highly tuneable, and recognition moieties to control cell behaviour and fate can quickly be introduced. This review covers the parameters necessary for the physicochemical design of adaptable hydrogels, the variety of (bio)materials that can be used in such hydrogels, their application in stem cell delivery and some recently developed chemistries for reversible cross-linking. Implementing physical and dynamic covalent chemistry has resulted in adaptable hydrogels that can mimic the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix.

Hydrogels with reversible cross-links for improved localised stem cell retention: a review.

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Hydrogels with reversible cross-links for improved localised stem cell retention: a review.