Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Summary 1 We present a critical review of the application of metapopulation theory to the regional dynamics of plants. We consider whether there is evidence that regional populations of plants show a metapopulation structure. We then review the alternatives to the metapopulation regional population structure for plants. 2 Although metapopulation theory primarily deals with regional dynamics, it is, however, also commonly applied to patch dynamics within local populations (‘metapatch’ systems). These apparently analogous systems are very different: systems of patchy local populations do not exhibit the dissociation of processes operating at different spatial scales that is characteristic of metapopulations. 3 The parameters of classical metapopulation studies, such as colonization, re-colonization and extinction, may be hard to measure for many plant populations, in particular for populations with long-lived seedbanks. 4 The assumption of metapopulation theory that suitable habitat occurs as discrete patches within a matrix of unsuitable habitat is not always true, as regional populations of some species may exist on largely uninterrupted swathes of suitable habitat. Alternatively, suitable patches may be hard or impossible to define a priori. 5 Using detailed case studies from the literature we outline a possible classification of the spatial dynamics of plants at both regional and local scales. 6 At the regional scale we define: metapopulations, in the classic sense, where regional persistence is governed by the processes of patch colonization, extinction and recolonization; regional ensembles, systems of essentially unconnected local populations persisting in an ill-defined mosaic of suitable and unsuitable habitat; and spatially extended populations, essentially a single extended population occupying large tracts of suitable habitat, but whose regional dynamics are essentially a simple extension of local dynamics. 7 Although a range of forms of local spatial dynamics exist, these are qualitatively different from the forms of population structure at the regional level.

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Large-scale spatial dynamics of plants: metapopulations, regional ensembles and patchy populations

Selfing, the fusion of male and female gametes from a single genetic individual or colony, is possible in many plants and also in hermaphrodite animals. We review the occurrence of selfing and mechanisms for its avoidance, in functionally hermaphrodite animal and plants. We discuss means by which selfing can be detected and briefly review techniques for estimation of selfing frequencies in natural populations. Although many functionally hcmaphrodite species are probably almost complete outcrossers or inbreeders, mixed mating systems are also found in both plant and animal populations. We review theories for the advantages and disadvantages of selfing, and for the maintenance of mixed mating systems, together

The Evolution of the Selfing Rate in Functionally Hermaphrodite Plants and Animals

Island and mainland populations of plants often differ in their reproductive biology and genetics. The differences become more pronounced the further islands are from mainland sources. Altered pollination conditions have influenced the floral biology and mating systems of island plants in distinct ways. Insufficient pollination has favoured selection of floral traits promoting selfing. In contrast, inferior pollinator service resulting in selfing and inbreeding depression appears to be a factor involved in the evolution of sexual dimorphisms. Stochastic forces play a major role in governing patterns of genetic variation. Island populations are usually more differentiated and contain less diversity than comparable mainland samples. Many general issues in evolutionary biology can be addressed by studies of reproduction and genetics in island plants.

The Reproductive Biology and Genetics of Island Plants

River and wetland restoration has emerged as a worldwide phenomenon and is becoming a highly profitable business. Although researchers worldwide know a lot about restoration practices in Europe and the United States, we have only scant information about the activities in Japan, where more than 23,000 river restoration projects have been conducted during the past 15 years. In Japan, restoration is a daunting business because of the high human population density, urbanization, and harsh environmental conditions. Here we provide an overview of the various restoration activities in Japan and discuss the lessons that we can draw from them.

/pdf/river-and-wetland-restoration-lessons-from-japan-23zfz3aqyd.pdf

River and Wetland Restoration: Lessons from Japan

Since Darwin’s observations on the biota of the Galapagos, the evolution of island plants has attracted the attention of many investigators (Carlquist, 1974). Adaptive radiation of organisms on oceanic islands continues to be one of the most interesting topics in evolutionary biology. Opportunities for studying evolution are excellent on islands because of the high levels of variation. The development of the theory of island biogeography has offered a basis for the study of the ecology and evolution of island biotas in relation to neighboring continents (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; MacArthur, 1972). The theory predicts that the number of species on an island will decrease with distance from the mainland and that species with greater colonizing ability are more likely to establish on a given island. Plant species on islands may evolve through interactions with flora and fauna that are different from those on the nearby mainland.

Evolution of Campanula Flowers in Relation to Insect Pollinators on Islands

Life history and demographic features of Aster kantoensis, an endangered local endemic of floodplains

Aster kantoensis Kitam., an endangered flood plain endemic plant in Japan: Its ability to form persistent soil seed banks

多摩川におけるカワラノギクを絶滅危惧植物の保全のための研究のモデルとして取り上げた。カワラノギクは可変性2年草であり, 中流上部の丸石河原に分布中心を持っていた。カワラノギクを含む群落の面積は近年大幅に減少しており, 分布域も狭まっていた。カワラノギクが新しく定着した場所の近くには種子供給源となる個体群があったことから, 種子供給の重要性が示唆された。以上の知見から, カワラノギクを栽培のもとではなく, 自然の条件で保全する方策を提案した。

A Conservation Biology of Aster kantoensis Growing along the Tama River

Island populations of Campanula microdonta and mainland Honshu populations of C. punctata have several different mating systems: self-incompatible (SI) and therefore obligately outcrossing in mainland Honshu and Oshima Island; self-compatible (SC) and largely outcrossing in the northern islands of Toshima and Niijima; and SC and predominantly inbreeding southern ones of Miyake and Hachijo. Several features possibly associated with the mating systems are described. A hypothesis is proposed that the mean and variance of pollinator availability together with inbreeding depression could explain the observed patterns of mating system as the results of evolution.

Evolution of Mating Systems in Island Populations of Campanula microdonta: Pollinator Availability Hypothesis

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