Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review

Tapping the energy storage potential in electric loads to deliver load following and regulation, with application to wind energy

The paper analyzes the impact of integrating wind generation on the regulation and load following requirements of the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). These requirements are simulated and compared for the study cases with and without wind generation impacts included into the study for the years 2006 and 2010. Regulation and load following models were built based on hour-ahead and five-minute ahead load and wind generation forecasts. In 2006, the CAISO system peaked at 50 270 MW. Wind generation (at the installed capacity of 2600 MW) had limited impact on the requirement of load following and regulation in the CAISO Balancing Authority. However, in 2010 (with an expected installed capacity of approximately 6700 MW), this impact will significantly increase. The results provide very useful information for the CAISO to adjust its scheduling and real-time dispatch systems to reliably accommodate future wind generation additions within the CAISO Balancing Authority.

/pdf/operational-impacts-of-wind-generation-on-california-power-4ensdj5ovs.pdf

Operational Impacts of Wind Generation on California Power Systems

In their attempt to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation, several countries are committed to install wind power generation up to and beyond the 10-20% penetration mark. However, the large-scale integration of wind power represents a challenge for power system operations planning because wind power (i) cannot be dispatched in the classical sense; and, (ii) its output varies as weather conditions change. This warrants the investigation of alternative short-term power system operations planning methods capable of better coping with the nature of wind generation while maintaining or even improving the current reliability and economic performance of power systems. To this end, this paper formulates a short-term forward electricity market-clearing problem with stochastic security capable of accounting for non-dispatchable and variable wind power generation sources. The principal benefit of this stochastic operation planning approach is that, when compared to a deterministic worst-case scenario planning philosophy, it allows greater wind power penetration without sacrificing security.

Stochastic security for operations planning with significant wind power generation

As the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) increases worldwide, there is a rising interest on their impacts on power system operation and control. An overview of the key issues and new challenges on frequency regulation concerning the integration of renewable energy units into the power systems is presented. Following a brief survey on the existing challenges and recent developments, the impact of power fluctuation produced by variable renewable sources (such as wind and solar units) on system frequency performance is also presented. An updated LFC model is introduced, and power system frequency response in the presence of RESs and associated issues is analysed. The need for the revising of frequency performance standards is emphasised. Finally, non-linear time-domain simulations on the standard 39-bus and 24-bus test systems show that the simulated results agree with those predicted analytically.

http://eng.uok.ac.ir/bevrani/Bevrani/82.pdf

Renewable energy sources and frequency regulation: survey and new perspectives

Several detailed technical investigations of grid ancillary service impacts of wind power plants in the United States have recently been performed. These studies were applied to Xcel Energy (in Minnesota) and PacifiCorp and the Bonneville Power Administration (both in the northwestern United States). Although the approaches vary, three utility time frames appear to be most at issue: regulation, load following and unit commitment. This article describes and compares the analytic frameworks from recent analysis and discusses the implications and cost estimates of wind integration. The findings of these studies indicate that relatively large-scale wind generation will have an impact on power system operation and costs, but these impacts and costs are relatively low at penetration rates that are expected over the next several years. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

/pdf/grid-impacts-of-wind-power-a-summary-of-recent-studies-in-4aey499f64.pdf

Grid impacts of wind power: a summary of recent studies in the United States

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Grid impacts of wind power: a summary of recent studies in the United States