Fundamentals of statistical signal processing: Estimation theory: by Steven M. KAY; Prentice Hall signal processing series; Prentice Hall; Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA; 1993; xii + 595 pp.; $65; ISBN: 0-13-345711-7

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have stroke great interested both by the academic community and the industrial community due to their diverse military applications and civilian applications. Furthermore, UAVs are also envisioned to be part of future airspace traffic. The application functions delivery relies on information exchange among UAVs as well as between UAVs and ground stations (GSs), which further closely depends on aeronautical channels. However, there is a paucity of comprehensive surveys on aeronautical channel modeling in line with the specific aeronautical characteristics and scenarios. To fill this gap, this paper focuses on reviewing the air-to-ground (A2G), ground-to-ground (G2G), and air-to-air (A2A) channel measurements and modeling for UAV communications and aeronautical communications under various scenarios. We also provide the design guideline for managing the link budget of UAV communications taking account of link losses and channel fading effects. Moreover, we also analyze the receive/transmit diversity gain and spatial multiplexing gain achieved by multiple-antenna-aided UAV communications. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenge and open issues for the future development of UAV communication channel modeling.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-on-uav-communication-channel-modeling-41snqetr75.pdf

A Comprehensive Survey on UAV Communication Channel Modeling

The development of 5G terrestrial mobile communications technology has been a driving force for revolutionizing satellite mobile communications. Satellite mobile communications, which carry many unique features, such as large coverage and support for reliable emergency communications, should satisfy the requirements for convergence between terrestrial mobile communications and satellite mobile communications for future broadband hybrid S-T communications. On the other hand, CR is an attractive technique to support dynamic single-user or multi-user access in hybrid S-T communications. This article first discusses several key issues in applying cognitive radio to future broadband satellite communications toward 5G. Then we present an overview of future broadband hybrid S-T communications systems, followed by an introduction to a typical application scenario of futuristic CR-broadband hybrid S-T communication systems toward 5G. Moreover, we propose a space segment design based on a spectrum-sensing-based cooperative framework, in consideration of the presence of MUs. An experiment platform for the proposed CR-based hybrid S-T communications system is also demonstrated.

Broadband Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Communication Systems Based on Cognitive Radio toward 5G

The engineering vision of relying on the ``smart sky" for supporting air traffic and the ``Internet above the clouds" for in-flight entertainment has become imperative for the future aircraft industry. Aeronautical ad hoc Networking (AANET) constitutes a compelling concept for providing broadband communications above clouds by extending the coverage of Air-to-Ground (A2G) networks to oceanic and remote airspace via autonomous and self-configured wireless networking amongst commercial passenger airplanes. The AANET concept may be viewed as a new member of the family of Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in action above the clouds. However, AANETs have more dynamic topologies, larger and more variable geographical network size, stricter security requirements and more hostile transmission conditions. These specific characteristics lead to more grave challenges in aircraft mobility modeling, aeronautical channel modeling and interference mitigation as well as in network scheduling and routing. This paper provides an overview of AANET solutions by characterizing the associated scenarios, requirements and challenges. Explicitly, the research addressing the key techniques of AANETs, such as their mobility models, network scheduling and routing, security and interference are reviewed. Furthermore, we also identify the remaining challenges associated with developing AANETs and present their prospective solutions as well as open issues. The design framework of AANETs and the key technical issues are investigated along with some recent research results. Furthermore, a range of performance metrics optimized in designing AANETs and a number of representative multi-objective optimization algorithms are outlined.

Aeronautical Ad Hoc Networking for the Internet-Above-The-Clouds

In order to meet the demands of “Internet above the clouds,” we propose a multiple-antenna aided adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) for aeronautical communications. The proposed ACM scheme switches its coding and modulation mode according to the distance between the communicating aircraft, which is readily available with the aid of the airborne radar or the global positioning system. We derive an asymptotic closed-form expression of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) as the number of transmitting antennas tends to infinity, in the presence of realistic co-channel interference and channel estimation errors. The achievable transmission rates and the corresponding mode-switching distance-thresholds are readily obtained based on this closed-form SINR formula. Monte-Carlo simulation results are used to validate our theoretical analysis. For the specific example of 32 transmit antennas and four receive antennas communicating at a 5-GHz carrier frequency and using 6-MHz bandwidth, which are reused by multiple other pairs of communicating aircraft, the proposed distance-based ACM is capable of providing as high as 65.928-Mb/s data rate when the communication distance is less than 25 km.

/pdf/adaptive-coding-and-modulation-for-large-scale-antenna-array-bf1ag2kssk.pdf

Adaptive Coding and Modulation for Large-Scale Antenna Array-Based Aeronautical Communications in the Presence of Co-Channel Interference

The optimal interelement space of the multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array varies with the attitude of the aircraft, as well as the relative position to the ground station (GS), i.e., the relative distance, the azimuth, and the altitude. However, the interelement space is not changeable in case of the traditional antenna layout because the antennas are physically deployed in the fixed positions on-board. In this letter, the interpolated MIMO antenna array is obtained with two orthogonal linear antenna arrays. The resultant interpolated airborne MIMO antenna array can adapt to the attitude and the relative position of the aircraft to GS, which can perfectly enlarge the capacity of the MIMO transmission in aeronautical communications.

Interpolated Airborne MIMO Antenna Array

The traditional schemes for the synchronization in the OFDM transmission, such as the Schmidl&Cox, Minn and Park algorithms, utilize the only every second or fourth subcarriers of the preamble symbol. This regular subcarrier occupation pattern does not meet the requirement of Non-Continuous OFDM (NC-OFDM) with the arbitrary spectrum holes free from the interference with the primary users. In this letter, a special synchronization sequence with non-continuous spectrum is constructed and can be evaluated at the receiver with a modified version of the Park algorithm. Our new synchronization concept not only complies with the traditional Park algorithm, but also has the considerable smaller sidelobes in the correlation function evaluated for the time synchronization, so that a higher synchronization detection probability is obtained.

Synchronization Sequence Generated by Modified Park Algorithm for NC-OFDM Transmission

The invention discloses a general aviation communication system and method. The general aviation communication system comprises a ground mobile communication network, an airborne terminal and a general aviation mobile information service center, wherein the ground mobile communication network comprises a base station, a mobile switching center and a mobile communication backbone network; the base station is provided with a horizontal antenna and a vertical antenna; the airborne terminal is arranged on a general aviation aircraft and is used to access into the ground mobile communication network by the base station; and the general aviation mobile information service center is connected with the ground mobile communication network and is communicated with the airborne terminal by the base station so as to provide service for the general aviation aircraft. According to the general aviation communication system and method disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, the traditional ground mobile communication frequency band can be directly used without occupying other frequency spectrum resources, the general aviation communication system can be compatible with various traditional mobile communication networks, and various services are provided.

General aviation communication system and method

In order to decrease the interference to the avionics equipments from the mobile communications on aircraft (MCA) deployed in cabin, multiple access points (AP) are expected to be installed to reduce the necessary transmission power. Due to the tunnel shape of the cabin, the multiple APs are connected on the fiber and can provide transmission diversity. In this letter, the optimal AP deployment scheme is proposed, which is confirmed with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the wireless propagation between users and APs. Not only the interference is mitigated, but also the capacity is increased.

Multiple Access Points Deployment Optimization in Cabin Wireless Communications

With the increasing of the traffic of the civil aircrafts, the broadband aeronautical communications are required. Different from the narrow-band system, the broadband system for Air-to-Ground (A/G) communications bases on the broadband non-continuous spectrum located in VHF and L band, which are traditionally occupied by radar systems, such as Distant Measurement Equipment (DME) etc. Therefore, it is naturally to try to manage the broadband A/G communications link with the capability for navigation, which can gradually replace the DME and cover its function. In this paper, with the broadband A/G link in spectrum holes, namely Multi-Input and Multi-Output Non-Continuous Interferometry Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (MIMO-NCI-OFDM) system, the efficient navigation scheme is proposed with TDOA algorithms. Moreover, the specific Kalman filtering algorithm is employed for improving the accuracy. The simulation for the performance on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) confirm the validity and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Navigation with the broadband MIMO-NCI-OFDM air-to-ground communications network

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